Disparities in Education of Minorities in the United States Essays

The problem of educational disparities among various ethno-racial groups that make up the United States has been a long studied topic. Theories have ranged widely in what they consider as the primary factors for these disparities. Biological and individualist perspectives have cited inherent genetic inferiorities as the cause of these disparities. Others have taken into account social forces and have maintained that the cause is due to the creation of a culture of subordination and poverty that does not allow social advancement. Still others have tended to contract on systemic inequalities and on the roles of prejudice and discrimination (Sidanius et al, 1998).This paper will attempt to frame the issue of educational disparities among marginalized minorities through the idea of social agency theory, which states that social systems and structures are arranged hierarchically to benefit the dominant group and in turn create low-status among others (Sindanius et al, 1998). I wi ll then more specifically look into the role of cultural mismatch between a students home culture and the cultural ideals that are embedded in the educational system. These cultural discontinuities affect minority students identities during this crucial period of development. From there, I will turn the focus to highlighting some possible solutions and alternatives to this problem of cultural mismatch and oppositional identity. These solutions will focus on the role of reclaiming education as a part of students home culture as well as the educational systems role in recognizing and accommodating to these differences. In order to understand the relationship between marginalized minorities and the educational system, it is importan... ...d motivation. Psychological Review 98224-53Moll LC. 1992. Literacy research in community and classrooms a sociocultural approach. In Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Literacy Research, ed. R Beach, JL Green, ML Kamil, T Shanahan, pp. 211-44. U rbana, IL Natl. Counc. Teach. Engl.Oyserman, D., Grant, L., and Ager, J. (1995). A socially contextualized warning of African American identity Possible selves and school persistence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69 (6), 1216-1232Sidanius, J., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. Hierarchical group relations, institutional terror and the dynamics of the felon justice system. Racism The Problem and the Response, Sage Publications, 1998, 136-165. Tatum, B.D. (1997). Why are all the Black kids sitting together at the cafeteria? And other conversations about race. (pp. 52-90). New York raw material Books

Essay --

Introduction Based on five principles of Canada Health Act, Government of Canada introduced national health c ar governing body in 1962. Canadian regime was committed to provide universal and comprehensive healthc are service that is accessible by all permanent residents without travail based on ones income. Canadas health care system is jointly financed by the federal and the provincial government with centralized guidelines established by the federal government to ensure uniform healthcare services across the country. Canada spent approximately $211 billion on healthcare in 2013 with an average of $5,988 per person (CIHI, 2001). Healthcare spend continues to rise and is expected to be 50% of Ontarios total annual spending in near future. About 70% of Canadas healthcare woo is publically funded and only 30% is funded by health insurance and out-of-pocket costs (Toronto Sun, 2013). Recent Angus Reid study has revealed that the Canadian healthcare system is essay to provide sa tisfactory services to its citizens. It was revealed that 187,000 patients were waiting to receive treatment and 45% of those in the waiting line characterized themselves as in pain (Health Canada, 2005). Waiting lines are common across Canada, for instance, waiting period between primary consultation and surgery is 10.2 weeks in Ontario and 17.1 weeks in Saskatchewan. Due to increase in Demand and ripening population, waiting lines have grown by more than 5 weeks since 1967 (Gratzer, 2001). The situation in Ontario and Quebec are more sever compared to other provinces in Canada. In February 1999, call for for healthcare reached a point where it exceed supply and Ontario healthcare had to arrange cancer treatment in United States. Angus Reid poll... ... medical services are said to be free but not many are available without waiting lines. Many issues faced by Canadas current healthcare system can be addressed by introducing a parallel private and public healthcare system. In o rder to introduce a two-tier healthcare system, amendments to Canada Health Act at both federal and provincial levels are required. It has been concluded that implementation of two-tier health care system is utmost important as it will be difficult for the government to sustain healthcare funding in future. Two-tier healthcare system will provide efficient healthcare system as waiting lines will be reduced, government spending will be controlled, private sector will provide access to modern applied science as well as encourage Canadian physicians to practice in Canada rather than shifting to United States for higher financial incentives.

Use of Dramatic Techniques in Cartwrights Road and Kanes Blasted Essa

Use of Dramatic Techniques in Cartwrights passage and Kanes Blasted In this essay I shall concentrate on the plays Road by Jim Cartwright and Blasted by Sarah Kane with specific reference to use of language and structure of confabulation as examples of playing periodtic techniques. My definition of dramatic techniques is mayhap akin to Brechts opinion regarding this theme ...The strong centralisation of the story, a momentum that draws the separate parts into a ballpark relationship. A specific passion of utterance, a certain emphasis on the class of forces are hallmarks of the dramatic. (Brechtp70) Here we can perhaps see the way in which Brecht explains the aim of techniques such as use of language and structure of conversation. They in essence are attempting to draw together a common theme. Perhaps in Road language and dialogue is attempting to prove a sense of futility in individuals lives, whereas in Blasted the theme could be the atrocities of war are on both a individual(prenominal) and national level. How is the drama portrayed through the playwrights techniques? In road, Cartwright uses definite techniques of language to create dramatic tension and in some instances irony. Firstly his use of create verbally worlds within the dialogue creates a number of aspects. Within Valeries monologue the phrase pissing and missing the bog has sibilance from the repetition of the s sound. Dramatically this creates a harsh consonant sound about as if they participant playing Valerie is aggressively spitting out the anger that she feels about her husband. Within class this line was delivered with the dictated Northern accent which furthered the strident qualit... ...ife up North. It is perhaps my own error that I feel more comfortable with Road there is love shown through the moments of Joey and Clare, and there is friendship, Carol and Louise. Blasted on the other hand holds zero hopeful and in my opinion little which is insightful. Kanes use of dramatic techniques is rooted in the interaction of characters and their dialogue whereas Cartwright reveals characters in a more insular modal value through the use of dramatic monologues, and the descriptions they use. In short I weep when Joey dies, I laugh when Carol and Brenda provide humour, but Blasted I am sightly shocked. Works Cited Banks, R.A. Drama & Theatre Arts, Hodder Headline Plc, London, 1991. Brecht, B. Brecht on Theatre, Metheun Publishing Ltd, London, 1957. Boal, A. Theatre of the Oppressed, Pluto Press, London, 1979. Use of Dramatic Techniques in Cartwrights Road and Kanes Blasted EssaUse of Dramatic Techniques in Cartwrights Road and Kanes Blasted In this essay I shall concentrate on the plays Road by Jim Cartwright and Blasted by Sarah Kane with specific reference to use of language and structure of dialogue as examples of dramatic techniques. My explanation of dramatic techniques is perhaps akin to Bre chts opinion regarding this theme ...The strong centralisation of the story, a momentum that draws the separate parts into a common relationship. A particular passion of utterance, a certain emphasis on the class of forces are hallmarks of the dramatic. (Brechtp70) Here we can perhaps see the way in which Brecht explains the aim of techniques such as use of language and structure of dialogue. They in essence are attempting to draw together a common theme. Perhaps in Road language and dialogue is attempting to prove a sense of futility in individuals lives, whereas in Blasted the theme could be the atrocities of war are on both a personal and national level. How is the drama portrayed through the playwrights techniques? In road, Cartwright uses definite techniques of language to create dramatic tension and in some instances irony. Firstly his use of rhyming worlds within the dialogue creates a number of aspects. Within Valeries monologue the phrase pissing and missin g the bog has sibilance from the repetition of the s sound. Dramatically this creates a harsh consonant sound almost as if they actor playing Valerie is aggressively spitting out the anger that she feels about her husband. Within class this line was delivered with the dictated Northern accent which furthered the sibilant qualit... ...ife up North. It is perhaps my own error that I feel more comfortable with Road there is love shown through the moments of Joey and Clare, and there is friendship, Carol and Louise. Blasted on the other hand holds nothing hopeful and in my opinion little which is insightful. Kanes use of dramatic techniques is rooted in the interaction of characters and their dialogue whereas Cartwright reveals characters in a more insular fashion through the use of dramatic monologues, and the descriptions they use. In short I weep when Joey dies, I laugh when Carol and Brenda provide humour, but Blasted I am just shocked. Works Cited Banks, R.A. Drama & Theatre Arts, Hodder Headline Plc, London, 1991. Brecht, B. Brecht on Theatre, Metheun Publishing Ltd, London, 1957. Boal, A. Theatre of the Oppressed, Pluto Press, London, 1979.

Lord of the Flies: Is There Hope for Man? :: Lord of the Flies Essays

One of the main themes in William Goldings 1954 novel Lord of the Flies is that without civilization, there is no law and order. The expression of Goldings unorthodox and complex views argon embodied in the many varied characters in the novel. One of Goldings unorthodox views is that only one aspect of the modern world keeps people from reverting hold to savagery and that is society. Golding shows the extreme situations of what could possibly happen in a society composed of people taken from a structured society then ready into a structureless society in the blink of an eye. First there is a need for order until the people on the island realize that there are no rules to dictate their lives and take Daveers into their own hands. Golding is also a master of contrasting characterization. This can be seen in the conflicts between the characters of tar, the savage Simon, the savior and Piggy, the one with tout ensemble the ideas.   Arguably, the most savage person on the island i s Jack Merridew. The first image of Jack and his group is presented as something dark and a creature before Golding goes on to explain the creature was a party of boys. Ironically, that is exactly what happens. The beast turns out to be the evil within the children themselves. Jack conflicts with most of the other major characters from the beginning. He calls Piggy Fatty repeatedly and opposes Jack almost every step of the way. As the novel progresses, Jack becomes more domineering and assertive, slowly losing all of his condition morals and civility. The one point in the novel where this happens is when Jack paints his face He made one cheek and one eye socket white. . . Then Jack proceeds to cover the other half of his face in red, foreshadowing his perpetual recruiting and takeover of the island. Jack ends up as the other authority move into on the island by force and by exploiting the other boys need for savagery. The need for savagery arises because of Goldings views of human s as being vicious by nature. Jack, being a leader in his own right, can not see the light of day again once he has seen the darkness of self indulgence and authoritative power.   Simon, on the other hand, is not wild at all and can easily differentiate the light from the darkness.

Exploring Pain in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay examples -- Cat on a Hot

Exploring Pain in Cat on a Hot arse crownwork Cat On A Hot Tin capital, scripted by Tennessee Williams is a brilliant play about a dysfunctional family that is forces to deal with hidden deceptions and hypocrisy. The issues that this play revolves around transcend time and region. By 1955 Tennessee Williams was already a well known and respected playwright. Theatergoers, as well as critics, had enthusiastically anticipated the arrival of Cat On A Hot Tin Roof. Many loved the play, but they had difficulty with the plays resolution. (Winchell, 711) ...critics and ordinary theatre-goers have not always known what to make of the play. Both the original and the Broadway versions of the third act get by questions unanswered and an uneasy sense that the answers suggested are willed and artificial. (Winchell, 711) In addition, many people love Williamss play Cat On A Hot Tin Roof because the plot is intriguing and the characters secrets unfold slowly. His plays premise is unique and it is not a re-hashed drama. They enjoy that Williams entertains and enlightens. Audiences go to his plays not to be shocked but to see the playwrights harmonised portrayal of characters whose fears and loneliness reflect their own. (The New throw of Knowledge, 174) Tennessee Williamss plays have been praised and criticized by literary scholars. Most applaud his prose and mastery in developing characters, yet they are sometimes offended by his subject matter. Mark Royden Winchell wrote a compelling article analyzing Williamss play Cat On A Hot Tin Roof. In his essay, Winchell states that the play is a powerful work of art, yet he exclaims that it is perverse and scandalous. (Winche... ...filmsite.org/cato/htm/ Leverich, Lyle. Tom The Unknown Tennessee Williams. New York W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. 1995, 3, 17, 55, 59, 128, 129, 260, 417, 574 McLean, Colin. Interview, April 25th, 810 p.m. The New Book of Knowledge vol. 20 US, Grolier, Inc. 1994, 174-175 Reiter, Amy. A Capit al Cat. Entertainment Design January 1999 7-8 proquest.umi.com/pqdweb Smith, Bruce. Costly Performances. New York Paragon House, 1990, 6, 17, 59, 157 Williams, Tennessee. Cat On A Hot Tin Roof New York Penguin Books Ltd. 1955 24, 124, 125 Winchell, Mark Royden. Come Back To The Locker Room Agin Brick Honey. The Mississippi Quarterly 48 Fall 1995 701-712 webspirs3.silverplatter.com/cgi-binwaldo.cgi Wolter, Jurgen C. Strangers on Williamss Stage. The Mississippi Quarterly 49 Winter 1995 33-51 webspirs3.sinverplatter.com/cgi-bin/waldo/cgi

Why Hybrid Cars Should Not Be Purchased Essay -- Automobiles

As the gas price is rising up to 140 cents per litre in Canada, many people renewal their vehicle to gasoline-electric interbreeding car to gain savings from the better fuel efficiency. Many potential consumers for loan-blend vehicle and crossbreed vehicle owners think that the hybrid system is cost the extra penny out-of-pocket to better fuel economy. However, the realistic is that it has higher(prenominal) maintenance despite of its outstanding fuel economy figures. In fact, the hybrids cause much environmental damage than conventional petro powered vehicles and there are better alternatives. Therefore, hybrids should not be on consumers shopping list due to a many negative facts that consumers are unaware of.Many Automobile manufactures want consumers to believe that hybrids are cheaper to maintain despite of its higher MSRP or make ups Suggested retail Price. Therefore, many people assume hybrids pay off at every pump at gas station which eventu totallyy pull up stakes c over the higher purchase price. However, that is not the case. As a comparison, Toyota Camry LE has base price of $23,700 whereas Hybrid is $3300 more expensive than base Camry to get all the hybrid technology. gibe to Edmunds.com, there will be a difference in ownership cost after four years of purchase for hybrid vehicles. Therefore, leasing consumer would lose funds which they believe they gain back. to a fault, if the comparison is between two luxury sedans such as Lexus LS 460 and LS 600h, it would take it would take 102.6 years to make up the difference (HowStuffWorks). Also in long run, which most of the Canadians choose to do with their car, the nickel hydride battery pack will have to be replaced. Although, many manufactures tour 160,000km or 8 years for hybrid components warranty (Toyota.ca... ..., Kristen. HowStuffWorks 5 Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid.HowStuffWorks Auto. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. .2.Reed, Phillip. True Cost to accept (TCO) Calculator on Edmunds.com. New Cars, Used Cars, Car Reviews and Pricing - Edmunds.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. .3.TOYOTA CANADA Camry Hybrid Warranty . TOYOTA CANADA TOYOTA.CA LANGUAGE. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. 4. Lexus.ca - Language scallywag / Page de langue. Lexus.ca - Language Page / Page de langue. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. .5.Honda. Honda. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. .6.Does a Prius Consume More Energy than a warmer?. Does a Prius Consume More Energy than a Hummer?. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. wherefore Hybrid Cars Should Not Be Purchased Essay -- Automobiles As the gas price is rising up to 140 cents per litre in Canada, many people switch their vehicle to gasoline-electric hybrid car to gain savings from the better fuel efficiency. Many potential consumers for hybrid vehicle and hybrid vehicle owners think that the hybrid system is worth the extra penny due to better fuel economy. However, the realistic is that it has higher maintenance despite of its outstanding fue l economy figures. In fact, the hybrids cause more environmental damage than conventional petro powered vehicles and there are better alternatives. Therefore, hybrids should not be on consumers shopping list due to a numerous negative facts that consumers are unaware of.Many Automobile manufactures want consumers to believe that hybrids are cheaper to maintain despite of its higher MSRP or Manufactures Suggested Retail Price. Therefore, many people assume hybrids pay off at every pump at gas station which eventually will cover the higher purchase price. However, that is not the case. As a comparison, Toyota Camry LE has base price of $23,700 whereas Hybrid is $3300 more expensive than base Camry to get all the hybrid technology. According to Edmunds.com, there will be a difference in ownership cost after four years of purchase for hybrid vehicles. Therefore, leasing consumer would lose money which they believe they gain back. Also, if the comparison is between two luxury sedans such as Lexus LS 460 and LS 600h, it would take it would take 102.6 years to make up the difference (HowStuffWorks). Also in long run, which most of the Canadians choose to do with their car, the nickel hydride battery pack will have to be replaced. Although, many manufactures offer 160,000km or 8 years for hybrid components warranty (Toyota.ca... ..., Kristen. HowStuffWorks 5 Reasons Not to Buy a Hybrid.HowStuffWorks Auto. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. .2.Reed, Phillip. True Cost to Own (TCO) Calculator on Edmunds.com.New Cars, Used Cars, Car Reviews and Pricing - Edmunds.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. .3.TOYOTA CANADA Camry Hybrid Warranty . TOYOTA CANADA TOYOTA.CA LANGUAGE. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. 4. Lexus.ca - Language Page / Page de langue. Lexus.ca - Language Page / Page de langue. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. .5.Honda. Honda. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2012. .6.Does a Prius Consume More Energy than a Hummer?. Does a Prius Consume More Energy than a Hummer?. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2012.

Financial Aid Is An Important For College students Essay

As we know College costs are rising. But, Future disciples should not be afraid because on that point is more financial aid for sale such as scholarships, grants, work-study programs, and college loans for students. Financial aid is money in the form of loans, grants and employment that is available to a student to help pay the cost of attending. Financial aid comes from the federal government, which is the largest provider of aid, as well as state government. You should apply for financial aid use the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). You will need to apply for financial aid every year by completing a FAFSA. Many financial aid programs have limited funding, therefore early application is recommended. Application should be completed at least one month prior to the semester you are planning to attend. If you apply for funding late, you will receive your funding late. Financial aid is one of the most importance issue for students to fulfill attending College, and the first step what student face for attending courses. Have you ever found a solution to your caper? I think may be this financial aid issue is an important for you. How do you overcome these things? Is it the biggest problem facing college students today. How can be resolved it?There is a increment number of older students entering college today. These students have families that they need to support. I know, because I am a family man who has returned to shallow. I wish to finish my degree at Midlands Tech College. The only problems I face are financial in nature. It is with this in mind that I set about this research. Is financial aid available to older students, and if so, how do they go about obtaining it? Most common issue I found was money, Tuition costs are constantly being increase at high rates. And thats not includingother expenses like eating out, shopping trips, gas for the car, and the price of textbooks. I found College students drop out of school each year becau se they cannot afford it. Others are forced to balancing full schedules with full time jobs to make end. It is becoming harder for students to graduate. A Way to solve this problem is by helping students seek more help financially having consolers provide students with small scholarships or help them look for such things can help impose the amounts of students that drop out of college.

Music and Brain Development Essay

There are three major perspectives on the positive impact of medicine education to the amount curricula in school. The claim on how harmony shares value to adept organic evolution has opened in the altogether views for all educators. According to the study of Neurological Research in February 1997, medical specialty develops abstract reasoning skills needed for the acquire process of children in math and science. It was proven that training in melody is more efficient than data processor learning for drilling math and science skills (Peretz and Zatorre, 2005).It was reported that music training could be more effective than computer instruction for teaching these skills. The findings were the result of a two year sample with preschoolers by Rauscher et. Al. Wriht et al in 1997, compared the effects of melodic and non-musical training on intellectual development as a see to their studies on music can advance spacial-reasoning. They concluded that music enhanced brain f unctions that were required for learning mathematics, science and engineering (Brust, 2003).Several studies have suggested that line music training early corresponds to greater growth in certain areas of the brain (Schlang et al, 2003). For example, enquiryers in Germany identified the planum temporale, a part of the left hemisphere as the region of the brain responsible for the faultless distinguish and speech. This term used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look at the planun temporale in non-musicians and professional musicians, just about with perfect pitch and some without it. They discovered that the planum temporale in those with perfect pitch was twice as large as the other groupings. Also with perfect pitch has started a music lesson before days seven.Rauscher et al. (1997) found that musicians had thicker nerve fibers in the corpus callosum, the part of the brain that carries signals between the two hemispheres, if they started keyboard training before the age of seven. Babo (2001) discussed, researchers, name at the University of Konstanz in Germany which focused that exposure to music helped to rewire neural circuits. They concluded that the brains of pianists were more efficient at making skilled movements than the brains of others. These findings suggested that musical training could enhance brain function (Trainor and Schmidt, 2003).Schlaug et al. (1995) used MRI to discover that musicians who started studying music before the age of 7 had regions in their brains (the corpus callosum and the rightfulness motor cortex) that were larger than corresponding regions in twain non-musicians and musicians whose training began at a later age. However, in response to questions about his study, Schlaug et al preferred non to recommend when music should be taught, since some rattling skilled musicians began performing in their twenties or thirties.Schlaug et al. also reported that most musicians who have perfect pitch started music lessons be fore the age of seven. However, according to Diamond and Hopson (1998), early music training is associated with more growth in this one particular brain region. if training starts later or is absent altogether, perfect pitch rarely shows up (p. 4).Zatorre (2003) reported evidence that infants are born with nervous systems accustomed exclusively to music. Studies are showing that early and ongoing musical training can help organize and develop childrens brains. In a study to determine the effect of domineering prenatal musical stimulation by observing musical behaviors exhibited between birth and 6, Fujioka et al (2006) found that infants who received systematic prenatal musical stimulation exhibited remarkable attention behaviors. Those infants could imitate accurately sounds made by adults (including non-family members), and appear to structure vocalization much earlier than infants who did non have prenatal musical training (p. 21). Only quite the researches focused on the pren atal musical training of the fetus.Personal ReflectionI cogitate that musicians have more active contribution to brain development because they are required to perform in more complex sequences of finger movements. Musicians are regularly adapting to decisions on tempo, tone, style, rhythm, phrasing and feeling-training the brain to become incredibly good at organizing and performing a lot of activities all at the same time. Musicians in my arrest of view, exercise orchestration that have better payoff for lifelong attention skills, intelligence and skills in self-knowledge and self-expression.In my own opinion, there is a significant family relationship between music and brain development. There is an interrelationship between music and education because of the eight basic intelligences linguistic logical-mathematical spatial bodily-kinesthetic musical interpersonal intrapersonal and naturalist.Although, these intelligences are disparate from musical intelligencesemotional, sp iritual and cultural than the other kinds of intelligences. Most importantly, he demandd that music could help some organize the way they think and work by helping them develop in other areas, such as math, language, and spatial reasoning. Gardner criticized school districts that sacrificed music in childrens education, calling them arrogant and innate about the value of music education (p. 142).Essay 2-The Mozart EffectRauscher et al. (1993) used the term Mozart effect to describe the results of their study on the relationship between music and spatial task performance. It is based on the ears role in the development of movement, balance, language and pre- vocal communication as well as the consolidation of neurological responses stimulated by music The Mozart effect also refers to the way music is used to enhance the quality of life. For example, music helps children in obtaining good health, education, and creativity (Cjabris, 1999). Rauscher et al. (1997) gave a group of col lege students three 10-minute-long sets of standard IQ spatial reasoning tasks audience to a Mozart sonata for two pianos, auditory sense to a relaxation tape, and sitting make silence. The results showed that the individuals who listened to Mozart had a distinct advantage in spatial task performance. Steele et al (1999) noted that students performed better on the abstract/spatial reasoning rises after listening to Mozart than after listening to either the relaxation tape or to nothing (p. 2).Although conditions differed significantly between music, silence, and relaxation, Shaw and his colleagues were careful to qualify the study results. Although spatial reasoning test scores rose as a result of listening to Mozarts piano sonata in D major (K488), the effects were temporary. Jenkins (2001) noted that the enhancing effect of the music condition is temporary, and does not extend beyond the 10-15 minute period during which subjects were engaged in each spatial task (Rauscher et al., 1993, p. 2).The authors posed several questions for upgrade research Could varying the amount of listening time optimize the Mozart effect? Could listening to Mozart also enhance other intelligence measures such as short-term recollection, verbal reasoning, and quantitative reasoning? Would other kinds of music have an effect on IQ performance (p. 2)?Though the answers to these questions were un shed light on, the authors concluded that music lacking in complexness failed to enhance performance. They also concluded that the complexity of Mozarts music was responsible for its enhancing effect. Rauscher et al. replicated and extended these findings in 1995. They used the same tasks used in their first experiment but extended the types of listening examples used. College students were divided into 3 groups those exposed to silence, the same Mozart music used in the 1993 study, and a piece by Philip Glass. As before, the Mozart group showed a significant increase in spatial IQ sc ores.Tomatis, a French physician, psychologist, and educator, researched the connection between early childhood development in the mid-sixties and the music of Mozart (Jenkins, 2001). College students listened to a Mozart sonata, then performed complicated visual tasks involving cutting and folding paper. However, there was no difference in the way these tasks were performed by either the students who listened to the sonata or the control groups who just relaxed before taking the test or listened to other kinds of music.Schellenberg (2006) pointed out that the studies on music instruction insubstantial overall because researchers only move to repeat and extend their findings. For example, no one knew exactly which kind of musical training produced results and which kinds did not, who benefited most from it, and how long any intellectual gains resulting from music training lasted.In another study, Chabris (1999) reviewed previous studies and compared the effects of the Mozart record ings. Results revealed a statistically insignificant increase in the ability of individuals to complete tasks requiring spatial visualization skills and abstract reasoning. Chabris noted that if listening to Mozart improves cognitive performance at all, its by improving overall cognitive arousal and concentration. It shouldnt be viewed as an intellectual miracle drug (p. 1).Steele (2001) concur with Chabris, by stating that there is a problem with the concept of unspotted music as Gatorade for the brain (p. 1). A number of other researchers (Crncec et al, 2006) supported the belief that classical music does not increase basic intelligence.Rauscher, et l (1995) noted that because many researchers only measured the effect on general intelligence instead of on spatial-temporal abilities, they failed when they tried to repeat the original experiment.In 1995, Rauscher et al. replicated this study and again found that spatial-temporal reasoning improved after listening to the Mozart Son ata. Though daily exposure to Mozarts music produced daily increases in scores, this effect did not apply to all styles of music or to all areas of intelligence. For example, Phillip Glass minimalist music did not enhance spatial-temporal reasoning. Further, the students scores did not improve when they performed a short-term memory task after listening to Mozart.Rauscher et al. (1999) concluded that although the Mozart effect is intriguing and holds great promise for further explorations into the transfer of musical processing to other domains of reasoning, merely listening to music probably does not lead to lasting enhancement of spatial-temporal intelligence. Listening to music is a passive experience for most people, and does not require the involvement that actively creating music does (p. 2). This observation led researchers to suspect that actively creating music has greater benefits for spatial temporal intelligence than simply listening to it.Combining separate elements of an object into a whole or arranging them in a specific order are spatial-temporal operations. They require successive steps, which are dependent upon previous steps. Spatial-logical operations also require recognition of similarities or differences among objects and are generally one-step processes. For example, a child who is asked to classify objects according to their color or shape would be performing a spatial-logical operation. The Rauscher et al. (1999) model predicted that music training may increase spatial-temporal task scores, but not necessarily spatial-logical tasks.These studies did suggest casual relationships between music and spatial task performance. The authors concluded that music education was helpful for maximum cognitive development by demonstrating that music could improve the intellectual functioning of children.Personal ReflectionIn my own opinion, the study in Mozart effect is a new proof of musics education and its importance. Since it is believed to deve lopment a childs IQ, schools mustiness offer music programs to help their students in a very substantial way. Music educators should work towards the inclusion of music education in the curriculum of public education. Also, the publics perception of music education must be altered so that policymakers in education are forced to provide for conditions where music education may thrive.Many educators and researchers posit that music should be a more central part of the school curriculum in light of studies that demonstrate a relationship between music and intellectual growth. Also, tentative research findings in support of music education have shown that people believe that there is an essential value to learning about music. Diamond (1998) argued that learning to play an instrument could increase a childs capacity for voluntary attention (p. 7), while Porter (1998) concluded that music can teach discipline, care, concentration, and perseverance (p. 7).Music Learning and Memory for M usicWhen memory for a sequence of visually presented letters is tested, the marked recency effect that characterizes studies of the PAS system is absent. Nonetheless, clear evidence of phonological coding is found in the form of a marked effect of phonological similarity ( Schlkind et al, 2003). auditory input. Further evidence for the fundamental interaction between self-generated phonological codes and auditory input is, of course, offered by the irrelevant speech effect.Performance is impaired by unwanted spoken material, with the crucial give birth of the material being its phonological rather than its semantic characteristics, again suggesting that the interaction is occurring at a common phonological level ( Dowling, 1994). It should be pointed out at this stage, however, that the nature of the irrelevant sound is crucial. While speech in a foreign language is quite disruptive to performance, white noise is not, even when the extravagance of the noise is pulsed so as to rese mble the intensity envelope of the speech signal that has been shown to disrupt memory ( Dowling et al, 1995).The fact that memory is more disrupted by vocal than by nonvocal music might seem to suggest that the system is basically speech based. It is possible, however, that the greater disruption by speech reflects the nature of the primary election task, namely remembering digits, a task that is likely to operate principally in terms of the spoken names of the digits.It is entirely conceivable that a different primary task would lead to a different degree of disruption. One possibility then might be to look at studies investigating memory for environmental sounds. Unfortunately, the evidence in this area seems to be relatively sparse. Deutsch (2004) showed that their patient was better at remembering environmental sounds than spoken digits, but, unfortunately, it is possible that the task was done by first identifying the sounds and then remembering them semantically.Personal R eflection. Thinking of music memory as schematic is probably accurate for many of the interactions that both trained and untrained people have with music. However, recently I have become kindle in the nature of representation when memory for music is essentially perfect. Whereas it appears that the majority of work in music cognition has examined short-term memory, I would like to examine longterm memory. By this I mean that I am interested in the way well-learned music is represented. People are able to remember a large repertory of music and retain it for many years.What kinds of codes make this storage possible? Clearly, proposing verbal codes in the traditional sense is impractical when trying to understand memory for melody (as opposed to the lyrics in vocal music). Even if we assume that a small minority of musicians can encode tunes in terms of musical structure, motor commands, or musical notation, the successful retention of music by untrained people suggests the existenc e of other types of durable codes. The explication of those codes has been the goal of my current program of researchReferencesBlood, A., & Zatorre, R. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,98, 11818-11823.Brust, J. (2003). Music and the neurologist A historical perspective. In I.Peretz, & R. Zatorre (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. 181-191). bran-new York Oxford University Press.Chabris, C (1999). Prelude or plaint for the Mozart effect? Nature, 400, 6747, 826-7.Crncec, R., Wilson, S., & Prior, M. (2006). No evidence for the Mozart effect in children. Music Perception, 23(4), 305- 317.Deutsch, D. (2004). The octave illusion revisited again. Journal of Experimental psychological science Human Perception and Performance, 30 (2), 355-364. This article can be downloaded from Psych Info and from the authors web page.Dowling, W. J. (1994). Melodic contour in hearing and remembering melodies. In R. Aiello (Ed.) Musical perceptions, (pp. 173-190 ). New York Oxford University Press.Dowling, W. J. , Kwak, S., & Andrews, M. ( 1995). The time course of recognition of novel melodies. Perception & Psychophysics, 57(2), 136-49.Fujioka, T., Ross, B., Kakigi, R., Pantev, C., & Trainor, L. (2006). One year of musical training affects development of auditory cortical-evoked palm in young children. thinker, 129, 2593-2608. This article can be downloaded.Jenkins, J.S. (2001). The Mozart effect. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 94,170-172.Patel, A. (2003). Language, music, syntax and the brain. Nature Neuroscience, 6(7), 674-681. This article can be downloaded. discuss it from the neuroscientific perspective.Peretz, I., & Zatorre, R. (2005). Brain organization for music processing. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 89-114. This article can be downloaded. This is an excellent review.Rauschecker, J. (2003). Functional organi zation and plasticity of auditory cortex. In Peretz, I., & Zatorre, R. (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. (357-365). New York Oxford University Press.Rauscher, F. (1999). Reply to Prelude or requiem for the Mozart effect? Nature, 400, 6747, 827-8.Schellenberg, E. G.(2005). Music and cognitive abilities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14 (6), 317-320. This article can be downloaded.Schellenberg, E.G. (2006). Long-term positive association between music lessons and IQ. Journal of Education Psychology, 98 (2), 457-468. This article can be downloaded.Schlaug, G. ( 2003). The brain of musicians. In Peretz, I., & Zatorre, R. (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. (366-381). New York Oxford University Press.Schulkind, A., Posner, R., & Rubin, D. (2003). Musical features that facilitate melody identification How do you know its your song when they finally play it? Music Perception, 21, (2), 217-249.Steele, K., Dalla Bella, S., Peretz, I., Dunlop, T., Dawe , L., Humphrey, K., Shannon, R., Kirby, J. Jr., & Olmstead, C. (1999). Prelude or requiem for the Mozart effect? Nature, 400, 6747,826-7.Trainor, L., & Schmidt, L. (2003). Processing emotions induced by music. In I. Peretz, & R. Zatorre (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. 310-324). New York Oxford University Press.Zatorre, R. (2003). Absolute pitch A model for understanding the influence of genes and development on neural and cognitive function. Nature Neuroscience, 6 (7), pp. 692-695.

History of Early Childhood Education – Comenius, Froebel, Montessori

Paper History of Early Childhood Education Comenius, Froebel, Montessori 1. John Amos Comenius John Amos Comenius (1592-1670) was a Czech theologian, philosopher, instructor and writer who thought education could improve society. He advocated universal textbooks & language and believed children would enjoy learning more if they were methodically taught in premature historic period. Comenius thought commandment should move from general to specific, from easy to difficult and believed to engage children with nature. He taught that education began in the earliest days of childhood, and continued throughout life. Comenius believed in four various initiates for different ages -Nursery take birth to 6 years of age, where hands-on learning, active experiences and sensory learning are of importance. 2 -Elementary (National) ages 6 to 12 -Latin School (Gymnasium) ages 13 -18 -Academy gifted ages 19-24 From his point of view teachers should present lessons at a reasonable pace, use age-appropriate instruction, keep materials constantly before a childs eye and use a single method of instruction at all times.Comenius rejected the conventional wisdom that children were inherently bad and that teachers needed to use corporate punishment to discipline them. 3 He was the offset to promote continuing education and the first to advocate equal education for all, including women and the poor. Furthermore he wrote the capacious Didactic (a textbook for curriculum and education) and was the first to use pictures in text books for teaching children (Orbis Pictus). His philosophy of Pansophism (meaning all knowledge) attempted to incorporate theology, philosophy, and education into one. He believed that learning, spiritual, and horny growth were all woven together especially in the teaching of children. What Comenius referred to as the Via Lucis, or way of light, was the pursuit of higher learning and spiritual attainment bound together. 4 In 1641/42 he was asked to completely restructure the school system of Sweden. As the Bishop of the Unitas Fratrum, the Moravian Church, Comenius was asked to be the first President of Harvard College, but declined. He died in Amsterdam in 1670. Comeniuss theory incorporated spiritual love of human beings with emphasis on Natures goodness. 5 He was a naturalistic pedagogue who believed children were innately good and learned most effectively and efficiently by examining objects in their immediate natural environment. Comenius anticipated many practices associated with modern child-centered progressive education. 6 He believed that teaching should build on childrens interests and actively involve their senses. During his lifetime he published 154 books, mostly dealing with educational philosophy and theology. Known straight off as the Father of Modern Education, he pioneered modern educational methods. 1Comenius Foundation, 2013, in http//comeniusfoundation. org/pages/why-comenius/comenius-biography. php 2Es sa & Young (1994), p. 36 3www. wou. edu/girodm/foundations/pioneers. pdf, p. 106 4Comenius Foundation, 2013, in http//comeniusfoundation. org/pages/why-comenius/comenius-biography. php 5www. wou. edu/girodm/foundations/pioneers. pdf, p. 106 6www. wou. edu/girodm/foundations/pioneers. pdf, p. 107 2. Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel The German educationalist Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel was natural in 1782.From 1798 to 1800 he was an apprentice to a forester and surveyor in Neuhaus, and attended the University of Jena from 1800 to 1802. In 1805 Froebel briefly examine architecture in Frankfurt, got hired as a teacher and took a short phone line with Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi at Yverdon, where he interned from 1808 to 1810. Although he accepted sure aspects of Pestalozzis method the emphasis on nature, the permissive school gloriole and the object lesson he believed that Pestalozzis theory lacked an adequate philosophical foundation.Froebel gave Pestalozzis object lesson a more symbolic meaning by saying that the concrete object was to puddle recall of a corresponding idea in the childs mind. He accepted Pestalozzis general method that saw schools as emotionally secure places for children, but he elevated the concept to a highly spiritual level. Like Pestalozzi, he wanted to prepare teachers who would be sensitive to childrens readiness and needs. 7 Furthermore Froebel studied languages and science at the University of Gottingen from 1810 to 1812 .He wanted to identify linguistic structures that could be applied to language instruction. From 1812 to 1816 Froebel studied mineralogy at the University of Berlin. He believed the process of crystallization, moving from simple to complex, reflected a universal cosmic law that also governed human growth and development. Froebel was influenced by two trends in the first half of the 19th century a resurgence of philosophical idealism and the rising nationalism of the post-Napoleonic eras.Idealism emphasizes a spiritually based reality. Idealists saw the nation as embodying the world spirit on earth. During Froebels life, there were efforts to yoke the various small German kingdoms into one large nation. He believed that an education that emphasized German traditions and folk tales would advance this cause. Froebels idealism was a reaction against the sensationalism of Locke and Rosseau. However, his educational philosophy emphasized the dignity of child nature as recommended by Rousseau and Pestalozzi.In 1816 Froebel established the Universal German Educational Institute at Griesheim. He moved the institute to Keilhau in 1817 where it functioned until 1829. In 1818 Froebel married Henrietta Wilhelmine Hoffmeister (17801839), who assisted him until her death. In 1831 Froebel established an institute at Wartensee on Lake Sempach in Switzerland and then relocated the school to Willisau. Froebel next operated an orphanage and boarding school at Burgdorf. He believed that every childs inn er self contained a spiritual essence that stimulated self-active learning.He therefore designed the kindergarten system for children under the age of six (1837) that would be a prepared environment to externalize childrens interior spirituality through self-activity using play, songs, stories, and activities. He essential special materials (such as shaped wooden bricks and balls), a series of recommended activities (occupations) and movement activities (fine motor skills). This particular curriculum now a standard part of early childhood education stimulated childrens cognitive, social, emotional, creative and physical development.Froebels reputation as an early childhood educator increased and kindergartens were established throughout the German states. In 1852 Froebel passed away. By the end of the nineteenth century, kindergartens had been established throughout Europe and North America. 4 7http//education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html 3. mare Montessori On August 31st, 1870 Maria Montessori was born at Chiaravalle, Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori, worked for the elegant service, and her m otherwise, Renilde Stoppani, came from an academic family and was well educated.The Montessori family moved to Rome in 1875, and the following year Maria enrolled in the local state school on the Via di San Nicolo da Tolentino. At 12, Montessori expressed her intention to attend what was called a technical school for her unoriginal education, which was unusual at the time as most girls who pursued secondary education studied the classics. From 1886 to 1890 she continued her studies at the Regio Instituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, which she entered with the intention of becoming an engineer.This decision didnt find favor with her father, who believed that the education of females should be restricted to certain subjects. Upon her graduation, Montessori was determined to enter medical school and become a doctor. Her fath er opposed this coursemedical school was then an all-male preserveand initially Maria was refused entry by the head of the school. 8 In 1890, with her mothers support, Montessori obtained her fathers reluctant permission to attend the University of Rome to study physics, mathematics and natural sciences, receiving her diploma two years later.This and the Popes intercession enabled her to enter the College of Medicine, and she became the first woman to enter medical school in Italy. Montessori stood out non just because of her gender, but because she was in reality intent on mastering the subject matter. She awarded for her work in pathology by winning a series of scholarships at medical school which, together with the money she earned through private tuition, enabled her to pay for most of her medical education. In 1895 she won a position as assistant in the University hospital.Montessoris time at medical school was a challenge, because her male colleagues showed their disapproval of her presence and she had to work alone on dissections since these were not allowed to be done in mixed classes. except she was a dedicated student and graduated in June 1896 at the top of her class as a specialist in surgery and in the diseases of women and children. She became the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Italy, and with this distinction also became known across the country. She was immediately employed in the San Giovanni Hospital inclined to the University.Later that year she was asked to represent Italy at the International Congress for Womens Rights in Berlin, where she talked near the progress of education for women in Italy. In November 1896 Montessori added the appointment as working(a) assistant at Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome to her portfolio of tasks. In 1897 she volunteered to join a research program at the psychiatric clinic of the University of Rome, and it was here that she worked alongside Giusseppe Montesano, with whom she would realize a chi ld a few years later.As part of her work at the clinic she would visit Romes asylums for the insane, seeking patients for treatment at the clinic. Montessori discover that many children with mental, physical, or emotional disabilities, who couldnt stay at home or go to school or work, were being kept in asylums alongside adults with major psychiatric disorders. She came to realize that in such a bare, unfurnished environment the children were desperate for sensorial stimulation and activities for their hands, and that this deprivation was contributing to their condition.She began to read what others had published about working with children with various disabilities and in particular she studied the groundbreaking work of two early 19th century Frenchmen, Jean-Marc Itard and Edouard Seguin, his student. 5 8A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in http//montessori. org. au/montessori/biography. htm Itard had developed a technique of education through the senses, which Seguin later tr ied to adapt to mainstream education. Seguin emphasized respect and understanding for each individual child.He created a practical apparatus and equipment to help develop the childs sensory perceptions and motor skills, which Montessori was later to use in new ways. From 1897-98 she attended courses in pedagogy, studying the works of Rousseau, Pestalozzi and Froebel. In 1898 Montessori was becoming known for her work with and ideas about education for children with disabilities. In 1899, she began teaching at a college for the training of female teachers, and there she get on explored and discussed ideas about education.Then, in 1900, as a result of her work with children in hospitals and asylums, Montessori was asked to become the co-director of the Orthophrenic School for children with various disabilities that prevented them from doing well in regular schools. Montessori spent 2 years working at the Orthophrenic School, experimenting with and refining the materials devised by It ard and Seguin and bringing a scientific, analytical attitude to the work teaching and observing the children by day and piece of writing up her notes by night.In 1898 Maria gave birth to a child, a boy named Mario, who was given into the care of a family who lived in the countryside near Rome. In 1901 Montessori left the Orthophrenic School and immersed herself in her own studies of educational philosophy and anthropology. In 1904 she took up a post as a lecturer at the Pedagogic School of the University of Rome, which she held until 1908. 9 During this period Rome was experiencing rapid population growth and industrialization. In the fever of speculative development, some construction companies were going bankrupt, leaving unfinished building projects which cursorily attracted squatters.One such development, which stood in the San Lorenzo district, was rescued by a group of wealthy bankers who undertook a basic restoration, dividing larger apartments into small units for impoveri shed working families. Many children not old enough for school or work were being left alone while their parents went to work each day. These unsupervised children were vandalizing the newly renovated buildings and getting into other kinds of trouble. This prompted the developers to speak to Dr. Montessori to provide ways of occupying the children during the day to prevent further damage to the premises.Montessori grasped the opportunity and established her first Casa dei Bambini or Childrens House. What Montessori came to realize was that children who were put in an environment where activities were designed to support their natural development had the power to educate themselves (autoeducation). By the autumn of 1908 there were five Case dei Bambini operating, four in Rome and one in Milan. Children in a Casa dei Bambini made extraordinary progress, and soon 5-year-olds were writing and reading.In the summer of 1909 Montessori gave the first training course in her approach to ar ound 100 students. He published her first book that same year in Italy, which appeared in translation in the United States in 1912 as The Montessori Method, reaching second place on the U. S. nonfiction bestseller list. Soon afterwards it was translated into 20 different languages and has become a major influence in the demesne of education. A period of great expansion in the Montessori approach now followed in Europe and America.By 1933 all Montessori schools in Germany had been closed. In the same year, after Montessori refused to gather with Mussolinis plans to incorporate Italian Montessori schools into the fascist youth movement, he closed them all down. 9A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in http//montessori. org. au/montessori/biography. htm 6 The outbreak of civil war in Spain forced the family to abandon their home in Barcelona, and they sailed to England in the summer of 1936. From England the refugees travelled to the Netherlands.In 1939 Montessori and her son Mario tr aveled to India to give a 3-month training course in Madras followed by a lecture tour they were not to return for nearly 7 years. With the outbreak of war, as Italian citizens, Mario was interned and Montessori put under foretoken arrest. She was well looked after in India, where she met Gandhi, Nehru and Tagore. Her 70th birthday request to the Indian government, that Mario should be released and restored to her, was granted. Together they trained over a thousand Indian teachers. In 1946 they returned to the Netherlands.A year later Montessori addressed UNESCO on the theme Education and Peace. In 1949 she received the first of three nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. Her last public mesh topology was in London in 1951 when she attended the 9th International Montessori Congress. On May 6th 1952, at the holiday home of the Pierson family in the Netherlands, she passed away in the community of her son, Mario, to whom she bequeathed the legacy of her work. 10 10A Biography of D r Maria Montessori, in http//montessori. org. au/montessori/biography. htm 7 References A Biography of Dr Maria Montessori, in http//montessori. rg. au/montessori/biography. htm Comenius Foundation, 2013, in http//comeniusfoundation. org/pages/why-comenius/comeniusbiography. php E. M. Standing, Maria Montessori Her feel and Work (New York 1984), p. 38. Essa, E. & Young, R. (2003). Introduction to early childhood education (3rd Can. ed. ). Nelson Canada Friedrich Froebel (17821852) Biography, Froebels Kindergarten Philosophy, The Kindergarten Curriculum, Diffusion of the Kindergarten, in http//education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html Julia Maria, Le Feminisme Italien entrevue avec Mlle. Montessori,

Critically Evaluate the Three Theories of Personality

Critically evaluate the three theories of personality using examples from PE and Sport. The three theories of personality are sign Theory, Social Learning Theory and Interactionist Theory. All three have a different perspective of how each respective(prenominal)s personality is formed. Trait supposition suggests that personality is made up of certain stable and enduring characteristics which stay with a person from receive and do not change. They are inherited and passed overmatch through genes from the individuals parents.Therefore the compare for this possibleness is, Behaviour = function of Personality or B = F (P). One strength of trait theory is that it can be easily measured through questionnaires, quizzes, interviews etc. The most well known questionnaire for trait theory is iodin designed by Eysenk. The questionnaire allowed Eysenk to calculate a progeny for the individual which he would then plot onto a graph and be able to label them into two dimensions extrovert/i ntrovert and neurotic/stable. However, this theory does not take into account the influence of the surround on personality.This theory can be put into context when looking at extroverts and introverts in sports. Extroverts tend to romance in team sports, where they can be sociable, lively and are able to take some leadership. However, introverts generally prefer to take part in individual sports as they are more unsociable, shy and nervous. Social Learning Theory implies that personality is simply formed through life experiences and environmental influences. Therefore the equation for this is Behaviour = Function of personality (environment) or B=F(E).The fact that this theory, unlike Trait theory, takes into consideration the effect of the environment gives it an entirely different perspective. Despite this, the theory doesnt give any thought to inherent traits and therefore is relatively simplistic as personality seems to all be down to the environment and a persons experiences. To put this theory into context, an example may be that a person who surfs might surf purely because they grew up by the coast. This shows the environment has had an effect on their choice of sport to take part in. The Interactionist Theory is the final theory of the three.It suggests that personality is formed through a combination of traits from birth e. g. funny and then these traits are developed and enhanced through life experiences. The equation therefore being B = F (PE). This theory is somewhat erect a mix of both Trait theory and Social Learning theory to produce a new theory which contains aspects of both of these. It is this that makes it the most wide accepted theory used to explain behaviour in sport. Interactionist theory can be seen in sport when someone acts out of character to what they usually would.For example David Beckham, who is known for his gentle and shy nature, lashed out in a game against Argentina and received a red card for his actions. David Beckham d oes not typically react like this, and so we can see that his traits were heavily influenced upon by the environment which in this case was an opposing player. To conclude, all three theories are establish on different perceptions and all come with their own strengths and weaknesses. The fact that they are theories reminds us that there isnt one that is deemed to be correct, and that it is down to opinion to which one you choose to believe.

Critical Thinking and Its Beneficial Use Essay

in that respect are nuggets of wisdom about life that tell of relevant truths about it. We can surely find an array of them live like theres no tomorrow, do good and avoid grievous, do non do unto others what you do non want others do unto you, among others. But there is whiz adage about life that most concourse if not all people will personally come across as they grow old in life. It goes by the phrase, life is the best instructor in the world. Even modern schools of thought accede to this for integrity cannot simply dismiss the truth that lies in the situation that experienceis a major imagination in learning situations (Brookfield, 1986, p. 38).True enough, there are experiences in life that teach vital lessons. They can figure in the learning one draws from school, or the decisions one takes on oneself, or even mistakes one commits in the passage. But learning from the past does not necessarily start to translate to committing so galore(postnominal) indecisions a nd mistakes in life. While learning generally stems from the lessons one draws from the past, one does not always have to commit mistakes to know which decision works or not.There can be a gage of things at stake and far many more things to lose were one to put on an attitude of lassitude in facing life. Surely, life may allow certain latitude for mistakes but the general thumb-rule about it runs by the premise that one engages first in thoughtful consideration of possibilities and consequences before making a major decision. As it were, this is where comminuted hypothecateing comes in. small Thinking Its Nature and Aspects Critical thinking is essentially an exercise involving lay out reasoning.At the really least, critical thinking is done to arrive at a correct judgment over matters that may or may not lead to a certain kind of decision. Thomson would define critical thinking as an exercise that is centrally concerned with giving reasons for ones beliefs and actions, anal yzing and evaluating ones own and other peoples reasoning, devising and constructing better reasoning (Thomson, 2002, p. 2. Fundamentally, critical thinking is a process and not a possession of an immediate or intuitive knowledge.One does not usually engage in critical thinking if he or she is not willing to undergo its meticulous process a process which may involve the following activities recognition of the problem, gathering of facts, analyzing gathered data, evaluation of other possibilities, and, break off-up the ghost but not least, mechanical drawing logical conclusions (Thomson, 2002, p. 2). According to Thomson, there are at least three major aspects involved in critical thinking. First, to think critically means analyze the kind of reasoning one submits.In this process, one is enjoined to pick out those features of language which tell us that reasoning is pickings place (Thomson, 2002, p. 5). It must be remembered that reasoning is done on a daily basis. Which is why, one needs to discern the nature of reasoning one encounters whether it is descriptive, analytic, or in many cases, argumentative. The second aspect is the assessment or evaluation of the correctness of the reasoning. Assessment is quite important in the critical thinking process since it entails reviewing all the facts being presented as bases for arguments.Assessment, says one book on learning, is a process of reasoning from evidence (Pellegrino, et. al. , 2001, p. 42). Too often, ones reasoning becomes correct or not based on the way one assumes judgments over facts. It is therefore important to get into what the facts tell. After all, facts dont lie and for one to use them as vital for critical thinking, facts are must observed well, interpreted reasonably and understood correctly (Pellegrino, et. al, 2001, p. 44). The third aspect is about drawing conclusions logical conclusions that is.Usually, any kind of reasoning will have both premises and conclusions. Ones task is to see the coherence of the premises (gathered from facts or observations) with the conclusions (usually comes as judgments or decisions being made over something) being forwarded. Critical thinking has to end up making a kind of judgment later all things are considered. But at the end of this process, one must always remember that the repercussions of ones judgment shall measure the amount of critical thinking one has engaged in before making decision.The fruit, they often say, does not fall far from the tree. By Way of Conclusion Exercising Critical Thinking in Life The profession that I have requires a lot of critical thinking as well. Being assigned as a security manager for a defense contracting company, I am tasked to oversee the performance of at least five to seven persons under my care. I realized that handling people is not like sitting on some paper works or transcripts. To manage people means to give an ear to many of their reports and assessments.Since as persons, they are e ntitled to act on their particular judgments, it is my task to be critical about what they tell me. Too often, I see myself evaluating if a person has to be fired from his or her post after committing serious errors in the field. Yet there are instances too when I would find sufficient reasons to give an erring employee another chance depending on circumstances that defined the moment. Either way, I am required to be very(prenominal) careful about the situation, and exercise critical thinking for that matter.My experiences made me realize that critical thinking has two important benefits. First, it reduces the possibility of errors. Since my job involves a lot of decision making not only about the nature of jobs that need to be done, but in like manner the way my people should do them, I have to avoid as many mistakes as possible. A mistake of firing an employee for instance may have serious repercussions not only for the company for also for the family of the employee I fire.Crit ical thinking and all the processes that it entails recognition, assessment or evaluation of facts, and drawing logical conclusions helps me a lot in minimizing the possibility of committing a very bad decision. Second, I came to appreciate critical thinking as a good way to make my decisions logical and objective. Many times, I am confront with decisions over people. As ofttimes as I want to be very objective about them, I am also faced with the fact that I can operate based on my personal biases about people.Critical thinking enables me to dwell on the facts, and base my decisions not so much on the basis of personalities, but on account of results or issues. Works Cited Brookfield, S. (1986). Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning. California Jossey-Bass. Pellegrino, J, Chudowsky, N. & Glaser, R. (2001). Knowing What Students Know. Washington, DC National Academy. Thomson, A. (2002). Critical Reasoning. A Practical Introduction. New York 2002.

Observation Checklist Essay

Philosophy on Education is the belief that the passion to learn, the commitment to succeed, and the motivation to try, is the passage through and through the core values that a teacher instills to a student, as learning becomes a federal agency of guidance that encourages pupils to improve. It is an educators duty to provide an environment that exhibits a multitude of ways for children to engage in the process of learning.When I was a young child, I always involveed to show people the things I feel learned through my family, friends, manuals, and teachers. Then, I entered the field of teaching, where I was able to present to an audience of children, various techniques in reading, writing, and arithmetic under the auspices of the head teacher. Let alone, I wanted to help those whom where much more challenge than others. This interest has catapulted me towards the beginning of my career in education.The journey through my past experiences as a teacher follower foreshadowed my tea ching styles. Under the auspices of the certified staff, I was given the opportunity to work in a population that requires an extra bit of patience. In formulating my apostrophize to each class lesson, there was a need to implement hands-on learning as the basis for each work session. An adulating engagement with the student, while promoting encouragement, and self-assertion in taking tasks has its role in part with the learning process. Once the student becomes self sufficient, then the teaching has effectively accomplish its role.Furthermore, the importance of a teacher making assessments on a students capabilities is vital to facilitating education. In the successful grasping of an academic material and its content, being able to have rapport with the students to gain better understanding of their capabilities should intertwine directly with each learning style.Fostering a positive teaching environment requires that the student receives an invitation to move in a friendly atmo sphere. As a proclamation, there should be willingness for each student to express themselves with an utmost pride towards their work and success.In conclusion, my determination as a teacher is to provide to in each and every student with the necessary skills and knowledge so they could succeed on their own. I want to leave a memory of myself as teacher who was not afraid to roll up the sleeves to help another student in any way and influenced others to do the right thing. My colleagues recall me a teacher who regularly participates and who was active to contribute assistance to the school community.

What is Euthanasia?

Euthanasia is one of the most highly discussed topic in society today. It is not morally correct it has to do with massacreing someone and ruins the intrinsic value of a human being. That is my argument towards euthanasia. Euthanasia goes against nature. Those that oppose say that it is mercy killing, but it is still killing. I am with the majority who are against this so-called mercy killing.Before presenting my arguments, it would be best to define the term euthanasia. Euthanasia can be defined in many ways. Here are categories that fall in with the term euthanasia. The term involuntary euthanasia is where the decision is not made by the person who is to die off the patients life is ended without the knowledge and consent. It is basically a form of complete.Passive euthanasia is to speed up the process of death to a person and filet some type of support to let that take its course. (academic, coup) Like stopping a form of medical procedure, stopping nutrients of food and water and allowing the person to keep or starve to death, with that not delivering CPR.The term active euthanasia involves causing the death of a person through a direct action, in reply from that person. (ACADEMIC.COUP) A well-known example of that is the case of Dr. Kevorkian. He gave a lethal dose of medicine to kill a terminally ill patient. Dr. jak Kevorkian was a retired pathologist who assisted in the deaths of over 130 people. The famous court case of Dr. Jack Kevorkian brought awareness to the controversial issue of euthanasia to the public.In Michigan, Dr. Jack Kevorkian was convicted of the second-degree murder because he administered a controlled substance to end the life of Thomas Youk and had prepared a video showing his action and let the video be broadcast on national television (NY Times). A different yet similar situation and legal case would come about Saskatchewan, Canada when a drinking straw farmer named Robert Latimer would take the question of euthanasia into h is own hands.Robert Latimer murdered his young young lady, Tracy, on October 24th, 2008. Behind the reasoning of Latimers act which was immoral is that he couldnt help to call his daughter suffering from a severe form of cerebral palsy and her disability. He killed her by placing Tracy in the back of his car and ran a hose from the dispatch to the cab, while he watched her die. Latimer was then convicted on November 4,1993 of first-degree murder. The year after he was convicted of second-degree murder. (Inclusion Daily).So the question is whats the difference between his actions of killing his Tracy who suffers from serious pain, and a restore who received given permission to kill an individual who is also suffering from pain? Eventually Dr. Jack Kevorkian, and Robert Latimer, were both charged with murder because they chose to practice euthanasia.If murder is prohibited by law because people take murder into their own hands to kill others, then why shouldnt euthanasia be too si nce doctors kill their patients even if there is consent. A doctor must receive authorization to assist in the death of a patient who is overly sick. Because of this many stick questioned why doesnt Robert Latimer have the right to take his own daughters life, since a doctor would have had to ask him anyways to have the right to kill Tracy? Latimer apparently saved his daughter from suffering, which is the same reason many people.

Malaysia-Singapore Raltions

ABSTRACT Malaysia and capital of capital of capital of Singapore expect a unique and special sexual relation due to the geography, ideology history, culture, , economy, politics and ethnicity factors. Even though with the unique and special factors, its sometimes create tensions mingled with both countries. However, it is said that the relations between both countries have evolved from an inherently unstable into a much mature and positive descent. This paper volition be addressing the current major conflict come out of the closet which sorry kind between both countries and too the reply bulge.This paper also will analyse the birth during various base pastor and their foreign indemnity towards separately others. Fin exclusivelyy it will discuss why the relationship becomes warmer and the factor that influence the positive relationship. INTRODUCTION Singapore merged with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak to cook the federation of Malaysia in 1963. However, this political u nion proved to be short-lived as Singapore was ousted from the Federation in 1965 due to political and ethnic differences.This failed political union, and the resulting stigma of separation has continued to cast a shadow all over Singapore-Malaysias isobilateral ties. Furthermore, due to the geographical proximity between these ii presents, bilateral problems atomic number 18 prone to exaggeration by both sides, often a case of virtuous self-importance and the stereotypical other. Malaysia and Singapore relations are unique and special due to factors such as geography, history, politics, ideology, economy, culture and ethnicity. These factors sometimes have created tensions between both countries.The uniqueness of the relationship is reflected by the various damage used to describe the state of rivalry between the two countries such as Siamese tally, sibling rivalry or family quarrel, suggesting a complex love-hate relationship that has grown out of a piece of landd common h istory and cultural background, coloured by political differences and, ironically, by stinting rival and interdependency. DISPUTES AND SOLUTIONS KERETAPI TANAH MELAYU (KTM) In 1990, Malaysia and Singapore had signed an apprehension concerning Tanjong Pagar railway station.Malaysia had agreed to relocate the station to Bukit Timah to allowed tuition of the flock that located in the premium body politic. On 24 May 2010, a meeting between Malaysian prize Minister Najib Razak and his Singaporean counter dampen lee side Hsien Loong in Singapore resolved the relocation hump. They announce that Malaysias national railway company Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTM) will be move out from Tanjong Pagar railway station and appoint a station at the Woodlands Train Checkpoint (WTCP) by 1 July 2011.Malaysia also will relocate its customs, immigration and quarantine facilities from Tanjong Pagar to the WTCP to ensure the systematic and integrated border crossing facility between Malays ia and Singapore . A joint holding company (60 % Malaysia ownership, 40 % Singapore) will then develop the abandoned KTM properties. WATER supply Malaysia provides Singapore with about half its water. On 1 September 1961, the Federation of Malaya signed an conformity gravid Singapore the right to string along up to 86 million imperial gallons (390,000 m3) of water per day with power by 2011.On 29 September 1962, a further agreement was signed providing Singapore the right to draw up to 250 million imperial gallons (1,100,000 m3) per day from the Johore River, with effect through 2061. Both agreements stipulated the price of RM 0. 03 per 1,000 gallons. In turn, the Johor government pays Singapore RM 0. 50 for every 1000 gallons of treated water. On 31 August 2011, the 1961 water agreement expired and the waterworks and facilities were handed over to the Johor state government.The handover included the Skudai and Gunung Pulai water treatment plants, which were built and manag ed by Public Utilities Board (PUB) for 50 years, as well as two pump houses in Pontian and Tebrau . JOHOR-SINGAPORE CAUSEWAY- The state of Johor currently already has developed ports including Pasir Gudang and Tanjong Pelapas. Under the former Mahathir administration, the Malaysian government scheduled to build a recent customs, immigration and quarantine complex on a hilltop near the Johor Bahru railway station.A bridge deck is mean to link the new customs complex with the city square. The proposals on replacing the old causeway with a new bridge have resulted in a political rift between the two countries since the early 2000s. Singapore has hinted that it might agree to a bridge if its air force is allowed to use part of Johors airspace. Malaysia refused the offer and negotiation is said to be still on going. In September 2003, Malaysia first inform its intention to replace its half of the Causeway with a new bridge.On 5 January 2004, Singapores exotic Minister prof Jayakumar commented that it did non make sense for Singapore to replace its half of the bridge with a new bridge, as it would cost, along with revisions to customs, immigration and quarantine facilities, more than $500 million. On 2 February 2004, Malaysia said it would present Singapore with a new design for the proposed bridge to replace the Causeway, as Malaysia is still interested in expression the new bridge.However, in September 2004, Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi announced that Malaysia would defer the half-bridge project as part of its effort to pare cut back its huge fiscal deficit by deferring big tag projects. In April 2006, Abdullah Badawi announced that Malaysia would drop the half-bridge project altogether. PEDRA BRANCA (PULAU BATU PUTIH) On 21 December 1979 Malaysia published a new map which showed the island to be within its territorial reserve waters.This ignited a 29-year territorial quarrel which, together with the emergence of sovereignty over the nearby maritime features of Middle Rocks and South Ledge, this disputes was presented to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for resolution. On 23 May 2008 the ICJ ruled that Pedra Branca is downstairs Singapores sovereignty. THE CENTRAL PROVIDENT FUND (CPF) issue has still not been resolved after galore(postnominal) years. It is hoped that the Malaysian Government will pursue the long standing issue pertaining to the dilemma of Malaysians who have left the republic for more than a decade and are still unavailing to withdraw their CPF nest egg.Under the present CPF withdrawal regulations, Malaysians from Peninsular Malaysia are only able to withdraw their CPF savings at the age of 50 if they have not been working in the republic for the last two years. The CPF practice of law on withdrawal seems to discriminate against Malaysians from Peninsular Malaysia as other foreigners, including Malaysians from Sabah and Sarawak, are allowed full withdrawal of their CPF savings when they l eave Singapore. Land Reclamations Issue Singapore had extensively conducted the land reclamation activity within its territorial water.Plans for the Tekong reclamation project were made publicly available since 1991, and for the Tuas project, since 2001. Until January 2002 there is no objection from neighbouring country. However in 2002 Malaysia had objected the activity. After that, Malaysia embarked on two legal tracks to stop Singapores land reclamation works. First, on 4 July 2003, Malaysia served annotate to Singapore that it wanted arbitrament to decide whether Singapore has the right to reclaim the land off Tuas and Pulau Tekong.This arbitrament tribunal, comprising five members agreed on by both sides, was formed on 9 Oct 2003. Then, on 5 September 2003 Malaysia applied separately to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) for an order on doubtful measures, seeking to put an immediate stop to Singapores reclamation works pending the setting up of the a rbitration panel. The hearing took place between 25 and 27 Sep 03 in Hamburg, Germany. On 8 Oct 2003, ITLOS nemine contradicente decided that Singapore could continue its land reclamation activities.In April 2005, Singapore and Malaysia formally ended the reclamation dispute by signing a settlement agreement. FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE Looking at the leadership bolt of both Prime Minister after the independent of Singapore, there is a soaring and low relationship which creating the foreign policy towards both countries. We do-nothing observed during the Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun Abdul Razak and also Tun Hussein Onn, the relationship is calm and interdependent towards all(prenominal) other.During this era also, Mr Lee Kuan Yew as the Prime Minister His leadership style have a strong influence in the manner of bilateral issue between both countries. He is serious in dealing with the issue and also influence by his past finger and the pre and post separation political baggage. To show the difficulties in the relationship, Singapore first Deputy Prime Minister Mr Lee Hsien Loong says its relationship with Malaysia is one of its important and complex foreign relation And Tun Mahathir also had a utterance that saying its impossible to be friendly with Singapore because of the neighbouring city states unfriendliness towards Malaysia. Singapore gets into that kind of toughness that they reject anything that comes from Malaysia. We try to be friendly as possible but its impossible dealings with Singapore under Mahathirs tenure have been stormy. Many disputed issues raised during his administration have not been resolved. Many of these international issues have been raised up under Mahathirs Premiership term, but no significant head had been made then to resolve them bilaterally.Both sides had stubbornly refused to compromise, with the result of bilateral relations turning frosty. Tun Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi became the fifth Prime Minister in 2003 and he was Dr Mahathirs choice. Since Abdullah Badawi took over, bilateral relations between Singapore and Malaysia have undergone a sea change. Part of it was due to Abdullah warm personality, non-confrontational, consensus-seeking characters and sincere attempts to improve ties together with his policy are to give in to almost every request, and relations have begun to thaw.And this was reciprocated by Singapore leaders, as reflected in the flow of many senior Singaporean leaders to the funeral of Datin Seri Endon, Mr Abdullahs latewife which certainly went beyond the call of protocol. During Pak lanthanum era, a couple of(prenominal) discussion has been made such as the causeway issue, air space issue and also the KTM land in Tanjong Pagar. They are trying to resolve the issue through the win-win situation. When Dato Seri Najib taking over the Prime Minister of Malaysia, the relationship is grow warming.The effort of Najib in clearing major bilater al issue concerning both countries make that relation becoming more mature and good. Since the effort of clearing the implementation of the point of agreement (POA) which had been negotiated and agreed upon in 1990 which involved the KTM land in Tanjung Pagar that cleared in 2010, more bilateral relationship and opportunities is open. WARMING TIES BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE There is several issue and factors that make the relationship between Malaysia nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Singapore becoming warmer. The economic factor is one of the most important relations and always had a high degree of inter dependence.Malaysia and Singapore have been each others main trading accomplices for many years. entropy from Malaysias Department of Statistics, for instance, show that bilateral trade between Malaysia and Singapore was valued at RM175. 5bil last year, up from RM161. 7bil in 2011. Malaysia trunk Singapores largest trading partner, while Singapore is Malaysias second larges t trading partner after China. Malaysia and Singapore economic interdependence is just not reflected in the bilateral trade only, it also involving the investment in both countries.From the data tabled by the Malays Malaysian Industrial Development Authority show that Singapore remains one of the top investors in the country, with total value of approved projects standing at RM2. 2bil last year, down slightly from RMRM2. 5bil in 2011 because of the global economic weakness. Singapores investments in Malaysia are mainly concentrated in the manufacturing sector. Recently, the development of Iskandar had attracted the Singapore investors and that had make their investor is the largest single group of investor there which accounting about 17% of the total bullion invested there.In the other sides, Malaysia investors also actively invested in Singapore. It had been showed with involvement Malaysian company like YTL Corp, SP Setia and Selangor Dredging in strong estate business, Maybank in financial sector, Axiata Group in telecommunication and also Genting Berhad in the leisure and hospitality sector. The government investment arm from both country namely Khazanah from Malaysia and Temasek from Singapore also had form a joint venture in developing the commercial land parcels in Singapore such as Marina South and Ophir-Ophir .In Iskandar they are also establishing the joint venture company to invest in two health related project with a gross development value of RM 3b. To increase connectivity between both countries, few projects has been agreed and initiated. The extension of MRT from Singapore to Johore Bharu is planned to be built to reduce the traffic congestion in both entrance in Singapore and Malaysia. The High Speed Train from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore also planned to reduce travel time to 90 minutes. This infrastructure development also will increase the economic development in the area.In tribute and defence matters, both states share a serious concern over the emergence of JI in the region. They have coordinated on police work and intelligence sharing, and unconstipated synchronized the initial arrests of JI members in December 2001. JI members were imprisoned in both countries under the Internal Security Act (ISA), which both Malaysia and Singapore patterned after the British law that allows for handle without trial for up to two years for supposedly dangerous suspects. Also, both countries have put insistence on Indonesia to take a more active role in confronting the terrorism problem.In the military, several bilateral exercise and operation is conducted to reduce the crime in liberty chit of Malacca, Eyes in The Sky doing is jointly conducted to scout the strait for pirates. The flights are under taken by crews with nationals from the different countries so they can better share information. Intelligence gathered on pirates is also disseminated among governments, including on a Web-based network for quick and easy access . These actions, taken together, made it far more costly and difficult for the pirates to operate.Both military forces also involve in the fivesome Power Defence Arrangement that are a series of defence relationships established by a series of bilateral agreements between the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore signed in 1971, whereby the five states will consult each other in the event of external aggression or threat of violate against Peninsular Malaysia (East Malaysia is not included as part of the area of responsibilities under the FPDA) or Singapore. FACTORS THAT MAKES THE RELATIONSHIP increase TIES The first factor is the leadership role and function. With the new eneration of leader ship which is the second generation of preceding(prenominal) leader, Najib is son of Tun Abd Razak and Lee Hsien Loong is son of Lee Kuan Yew, they are trying actively to resolve the bilateral issue of both countries. With the new generation thinking they realised t he interdependence both country each many matters. The second factor economic interdependence which shows that both country are main trading partner each other. Malaysia also inviting the investors from Singapore to invest in the economic development project initiate in many region in Malaysia such as IRDA, ECER and also NCER.The encouragement by both governments through their public and private sector to collaborate with their counterpart shows there relationship will going stronger. The leash factor is massive people to people contact which encouraging tourist from both countries visiting each other will develop this contact. This will created necessary goodwill and tolerance among others. This also had been expanded through sport activity which we can see that the football team from both countries is participating in the league. CONCLUSIONWe can conclude that due to their historical, cultural linkages and their geographical proximity Malaysia and Singapore had enjoyed and share a special relationship. The issue and challenge between each other had brought a god point for both countries to sit down and discussing the way to move forward. Both of the leaders are aware the important of each other in many factors. Both new generation leaders is trying hard to improve the relationship with each others even though there is a few issue that not resolve yet.But their mutual agreement in developing economic sector each other shows the positive picture towards very warm relationship. Both leaders also seem in the same view in settling issue through win-win situation and compromise. With the realisation by the leaders in win-win situation and compromise each other, it may lead towards prosperous relationship in the future. Its the leader and their foreign policy which is determining the future of these relations. Thus, the leader should take every effort to ensure the warming of the relationship is carry through to ensure the mutual benefits.The security and milit ary activities is to be enhanced to ensure the safety of both countries. With the bulletproof security the development of economy can be planned and develop towards higher level. With the interest of Singapore investors in IRDA is high, it is not possible Singapore will extend the security watch in the area to ensure safety of their investment. Thus this will benefit both countries towards long and warm relationship. Despite all the bilateral issue, it is observed that, both country is dependant each other in economy, social, and also security aspect.With that the warming relations that initiated by both the new generation leader is a good tone of voice towards more close relation. 3117 words Reference Ganesan, 2005, p. 58 Rusdi Omar, et. al. (2005). Hubungan Malaysia-Singapura Era Mahathir. Sintok Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia. p. 2. Joint statement by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Prime Minister Dato Sri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak at the Singapore-Malaysia Leaders Retr eat on 24 May 2010, 24 May 2010, , retrieved 2010-05-25 Water Conflicts Between Malaysia and Singapore. Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia magician. (1999). June 5. p. -2. 1961 water agreement with Johor expires on Wednesday. The Straits Times. 14 October 2011 Johor-Singapore Causeway. Wikipedia Rusdi Omar. 2007. Malaysia-Singapore relations Issues and Strategies. Working paper presented at the International collection on Southeast Asia in 3-4 December 2007 at University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Msia Stops Construction Of Bridge To exchange Johor Causeway. Prime Ministers Office, Malaysia. 12 April 2006. Pedra Branca, Singapore. Wikipedia Solve CPF insularity Issue With Singapore. The Star Online. 12 November 2008 Kyodo News. (2005).Singapore and Malaysia resolve land reclamation dispute. April 26. http//www. channelnewsasia. com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/144527/1/. html Rusdi Omar, Mohd Ainuddin Mas Juliana Mukhtarudin. 2005. Malaysia-Singapore transaction During M ahathirs Era. Sintok, Kedah UUM News Straits Time. (2003). May 5. p. 22. Asian Economic News. (2002). Oct 14. p. 19 Malaysias Foreign Relations Issues and Challenges. Ruhanas Harun. Page 24 The Star (2013) Mac 16 Malaysia-Singapore Relations Never Mind the Rhetoric . Anthony L. Smith. October 2004 1 . Ganesan, 2005, p. 58 2 . Rusdi Omar, et. al. (2005). Hubungan Malaysia-Singapura Era Mahathir. Sintok Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia. p. 2. 3 . Joint statement by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Prime Minister Dato Sri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak at the Singapore-Malaysia Leaders Retreat on 24 May 2010, 24 May 2010, , retrieved 2010-05-25 4 . Water Conflicts Between Malaysia and Singapore. Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia 5 . Star. (1999). June 5. p. 1-2. 6 . 1961 water agreement with Johor expires on Wednesday. The Straits Times. 14 October 2011 7 . Johor-Singapore Causeway. Wikipedia 8 . Rusdi Omar. 2007. Malaysia-Singapore Relations Issues and Strategies. Working paper presented at the International Conference on Southeast Asia in 3-4 December 2007 at University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 9 . Msia Stops Construction Of Bridge To Replace Johor Causeway. Prime Ministers Office, Malaysia. 12 April 2006. 10 . Pedra Branca, Singapore. Wikipedia 11 . Solve CPF Withdrawal Issue With Singapore. The Star Online. 12 November 2008 12 . Kyodo News. (2005). Singapore and Malaysia resolve land reclamation dispute.April 26. http//www. channelnewsasia. com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/144527/1/. html 13 . Rusdi Omar, Mohd Ainuddin& Mas Juliana Mukhtarudin. 2005. Malaysia-Singapore Relations During Mahathirs Era. Sintok, Kedah UUM 14 . News Straits Time. (2003). May 5. p. 22. 15 . Asian Economic News. (2002). Oct 14. p. 19. 16 . Malaysias Foreign Relations Issues and Challenges. Ruhanas Harun. Page 24 17 . The Star (2013) Mac 16 18 . Ibid 19 . The Star (2013) Mac 16 20 . Ibid 21 . Malaysia-Singapore Relations Never Mind the Rhetoric . Anthon y L. Smith. October 2004

Portable Players Essay

The innovation desexualize by the Walkman has lead to the creation of different portable media for music listening. This paved the way for the consumers to forever budge the way they listen to music (Bellis 1). In fact, the Walkman is con fontred to be the main catalyst which prompted many companies to re-invent their products to become deft and fluent. Previously, music and news were only confined in big mechanical boxes sitting inside a living room. No one ever imagined that a bulky listening device bed in reality be turned into something which will fit right into ones pocket.The Walkman, with an offshoot of portable CD players, has greatly modified the way people establish their lifestyles. The establishments of portable media players, especially those which can play music, demand increased a form of mobility for consumers. Practically, it is very obvious that people are now freer to work on other matters hitherto while listening to their favorite tunes. For most cases, t his can equate to greater productivity values in day to day activities. Moreover, having a portable listening device such as a CD player makes ones feelings more invigorated.This can deliberately affect his mindset towards the tasks he is going to do. Aside from that, it is very likely that the convenience of having a portable media player can increase the ability of a person to interact with other people. On a ad hominem note, the front man of portable listening devices is actually a two-faceted situation. On the peremptory side, people now have the survival of the fittest to bring along the music wherever they go and whenever they may demand for it. Portable media have sincerely become one convenient way to integrate an entertainment platform defying the desexs of previous generations of bulky and aired music devices.This enriches a persons point of view beca utilisation of the fact that he can actually make his life enjoyable by listening to his favorite music anytime. On the other side however, having portable media can actually spell some drastic effects towards an individuals personality especially when the single-valued function of such devices become uncontrollable. One reason why mobile music players have a positive effect to a persons social life is the fact that they can satisfy the personal needs of people.For example, if one needs to relax a bit out of the daily routine work, therefore a simple click and popping of headsets to the ears would sustain a change in mood for the infract (Weinberger 1). However, it is also possible that such person, with the right addiction level towards music, may forget that he is serene actually a part of the greater social structure. It is very possible that he will turn tail to interact less and less with other people, become unproductive at work or even modify an attitude towards obsession.Add to that the fact that portable music players pose a certain grad of health risks. Personal stereo systems ma y actually induce hear loss with extended use according to Canadas Minister of Health. Even the Media sense Network is concerned about having music which promotes racism, favouritism and violence which makes it more available to portable players. Technology is one of the main factors for the development of human society. solely sometimes, there are also some consequences that it may induce for people to change their outlook in life, personal feelings and overall philosophy.In such a case, it is important that each person has the capacity to limit himself towards becoming a slave for technological advancement in which social interaction perspectives maybe compromised. As of the moment, the portable music players are still doing its job to satisfy the entertainment hunger of the people. It is only a matter of personal evaluation to help an individual look beyond the excitement of having a mobile music treasure box and see other consequences it may bring.Works CitedBellis, Mary. Sony Walkman. About. com. 2008. 27 Feb 2008 . Health Canada, Its Your Health. Minister of Health. 2006. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 27 Feb 2008 . Media Awareness, Inappropriate Content in Music. Media Awareness Network. 2008. 27 Feb 2008 . Weinberger, Norman. Musica Research Notes. Musica. uci. edu. 1996. 27 Feb 2008 .