Moral or Immoral Essay -- Martin Luther King Essays

Good or Immoral In Martin Luther King Jr.’s exposition, A Letter from Birmingham Jail he looks at the issues of Moral acts sections Immoral acts. This paper was written in light of a letter some priests had composed after an immediate activity walk Dr. Lord had partaken in. In their letter the priests had adulated the neighborhood cops and media for the peaceful and quiet way in which the circumstance was dealt with. It was this acclaim incited Dr King to compose: â€Å"I have attempted to clarify that it isn't right to utilize improper intends to accomplish moral closures. Yet, presently I should avow that it is similarly as off-base or maybe much more in this way, to utilize moral intends to protect indecent ends.† The start of this announcement alludes to utilizing brutality to get the outcome that you believe you merit. The second part to this announcement alludes to making the best decision to guarantee that an unfairness will win. It is this issue of good stanzas improper that Doctor King bases. The primary case of the profound quality issue Dr. Ruler raises is an equitable law, sections an unreasonable law. In his paper Dr King portrays to his perusers the contrast between the two. â€Å"A just law is a man-made code that squares with the ethical law or the law of God. An out of line law is a code that is out of congruity with the ethical law. Here Doctor King is protecting his conviction that there is an ethical issue in certain laws. He guards his announcement by giving a case of Germany during the Nazi principle. Lord talks about what Hit...

Lg Brown Goods Free Essays

Undertaking on LG Contents Mission3 Mission Statement3 Vision3 Core Values3 How the current procedures are inside the mission, vision and center values3 Present Strategy3 Market Analysis3 Segmentation3 Targeting4 Positioning4 Needs4 PESTLE Analysis4 Political factor4 Economical factor4 Socio-social factors5 Technological factors5 Legal factors5 Environmental factors5 Industry/Competitive Analysis6 Industry in which LG Competes6 Industry execution for most recent 5 years and projections for next 3 years6 Piece of the pie of Top 5 players by segments7 Market portion of sorted out and chaotic for a year ago and projection for next three years8 Industry’s 5 serious forces9 Indirect Competitors of LG Electronics (Brown Goods) â€9 Top Direct Competitors of LG Electronics in INDIA â€9 Competitive focal points of Samsung Electronics â€10 Competitive Advantages of Sony Electronics â€10 Competitive Advantage of Videocon â€10 SWOT Analysis of LG Electronics â€10 Performance Review11 Past execution of the item and components of the advertising mix11 Objective of the company13 Mission Statement To turn into a top creative hardware organization on the planet. It invests wholeheartedly in its organization and representatives and accepts this is the thing that will make it into one of the most inventive organizations of the 21st century. Vision LG’s vision is to convey imaginative computerized items and administrations that make our customers’ lives better, simpler and more joyful through expanded usefulness and fun. We will compose a custom paper test on Lg Brown Goods or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Basic beliefs Worldwide, Tomorrow, Energy, Humanity and Technology are the columns that this company is established on; with the capital letters L and G situated inside a hover to focus our goals to the exclusion of everything else, humankind. The image mark represents our purpose to build up an enduring relationship with, and to accomplish the most noteworthy fulfillment for our clients. How the current systems are inside the mission, vision and guiding principle By embracing the Blue Ocean Strategy LG will have the option to continue its initiative position. BOS gives a methodical method of recognizing and making high development openings. LG is looking not simply to keep up its authority position in India, yet to proceed to develop, and to change from a mass brand to a superior one. Through the reception of this strategy, LG plans to dispatch items or administrations which make or essentially increment its pieces of the overall industry and benefit by offering separated qualities taking into account clients. The transition to embrace Blue Ocean Strategy is viewed as a driven drive to restore LG all around. The technique targets planning so as to misuse openings, so far undiscovered; either inside the current portions of LG or outside, where there is zero or unimportant rivalry. Present Strategy * Local and proficient assembling to diminish cost * Product localisation; LG came out with provincial language menus on its TV * Introduction of low evaluated items for the country showcase particularly in the TV fragment * LG has received the territorial circulation model in India * Offering reasonable items at a lower edge â€cutting on volume to ring in incomes * LG is embracing the Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS) in India as a component of its worldwide technique * BOS gives a casing work for splitting ceaselessly from the opposition to accomplish high client worth and benefit all the while * Blue Ocean Products will be items and administrations which make a differential incentive for the client, along these lines opening up tremendous, new markets to radically improve productivity and piece of the overall industry * Blue Ocean Business Model is one that centers the endeavors of the organization on giving separated an incentive to clients. Market Analysis Division †Demographic Higher pay bunch Occupation †Geographic Tier 1 and Tier 2 urban areas †Psychographic Loyalty status †switcher steadfast in light of the fact that result of various need are taken from various brand considering prevalence Usage rate †high as far as utilization client life stage †relationships and other life stage are when earthy colored great and eletronics are purchased benefts †for buyer who look for benefits inferred with tech occassion †purchased for the most part on merry season so furnished with different plans. †Behavioral LG search for Value and way of life which individuals accept they compare to. Focusing on LG has focused on its market based on the item that they are offering to the buyer. upper-lower and higher fragments individuals more worry to medical advantages, way of life and quality items LCD and Plasma TV for premium portion attempting to move to mid class and mass market of item particular specialization Positioning Differentiate item on innovation which claim to buyer on premise of medical advantages like wellbeing wave framework for stove, brilliant eye for TV its slogan portrays to make individuals life better helpful and more beneficial they attempt to position as youthful dynamic and premium brand Needs Needs met by the LG earthy colored n gadgets item †usability, higher proficiency PESTLE Analysis Political factor Taxation arrangements, remote exchange guidelines, exchange approaches are the significant political variables. LG must follow the compliances given by the administration like the Environmental Protection Agency. Deals volume gets adversely influenced because of any adjustment in the approaches or remote exchange guidelines. It will make buyer pay more for items. There is a likelihood that the adjustment in government can have an impact from the help of LG’s Research and Development. These political variables are: High import obligation Export advancement plan of Indian government like EPCG(Export Promotion Capital Good Scheme), EOU(Export Oriented Units) status Plants in Tax motivator territories like Pune, Greater Noida. Practical factor Price wars is the greatest monetary factor for LG. LG has utilized serious procedures like restriction and adjusting it to various markets. Making it simpler to catch consumer’s eye with items that are simpler for their regular living. In India, LG opened assembling offices that started with the RD taking a gander at what contenders have just brought to the arket and made their item one of a kind and outfitted towards the purchasers needs. Things that may influence deals volume from a monetary point of view is an abrupt change in consumer’s pay. So LG would need to glance in to how they can make items progressively reasonable for customers in downturn. In India GDP is rising. Per Capita Income is expanding, so spending intensity of customer is expanding. Socio-social variables LG went into the market in India with quite a few devices. They adjusted to the market and quickly started to be the trend-setters of that showcase. They have offered back to the general public by furnishing them with business openings by building fabricating plants. They are fabricating eco-accommodating items and expanding the way of life of the individuals. Inside the social factor, LG has had the option to accomplish a higher deals volume in India. Mechanical components LG has consistently been an innovator in advancement from the 1980s so innovation is the significant factor for them. LG is extending in 3G Network innovation. In India, Reliance consolidation with LG has 3G plans made for advanced cells. LG acquainted its LG Optimus 3D with the market in India. Improvement in innovation made the item less expensive and nature of item has been expanded. Lawful elements Legal components like business law and customer assurance law can likewise influence the beginning up of an organization. Work laws, similar to what number of individuals a business utilizes the quantity of representatives in every area, the base number of representatives indicated in the work law and so forth. Buyer insurance law shields purchasers from fake or exploitative strategic approaches, deceiving notices, and damaged items. In this way, these are a portion of the laws that organizations must withstand before beginning an endeavor. Natural components LG must follow the compliances given by the administration bodies like the Environmental Protection Agency which additionally screens the usage. The organization was punished for neglecting to meet its duty to make items free of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and brominated fire retardants (BFRs) before the finish of 2010. All of LG’s cell phones are presently liberated from PVC and BFRs while different items, for example, TVs and scratch pad contain PVC/BFR free parts; LG plans to eliminate these substances from TVs screens and PCs by 2012 and family machines by 2014. In the Guide the organization scored seriously on the Energy models, being reprimanded for setting a frail objective for the decrease of ozone harming substance emanations and not making sustainable power source some portion of its low carbon procedure. LG scored most focuses in the Sustainable Operations classification with the organization giving reclaim to out of date telephones in 52 nations and being tending to the issue of contention minerals. LG is currently following a green item procedure. The target of LG Electronics’ green item system is to limit the natural effect overall worth chain while enhancing lives. The technique comprises of three parts; vitality, human and assets. The methodology depends on a model that contemplates high vitality proficiency, a decrease in crude material use, and human government assistance. Industry/Competitive Analysis Industry in which LG Competes LG Competes in Consumer Durables industry. Theâ consumer durables industryâ emerged in the twentieth century and has now become a worldwide industry worth billions of dollars. * LG has some expertise in the assembling of shopper durables The extent of our report covers LG’s earthy colored Goods which include: * Television * Audio-Video Systems Computers * Electronic Accessories Industry execution for most recent 5 years and projections for next 3

The AT T organization

The AT T organization AT T Home›Economics Posts›AT T Economics PostsThe organization is AT T, a telecommunication organization providing Smartphone and mobile services, TV services and IP based services to businesses in Texas and around the whole of United States and the whole world. My organization responds to economic indicators just like the other sectors. When there is unemployment, the economy is characterized by high prices and unemployment, in short inflation levels take a toll and therefore the company volume sales reduce. Inflation makes the organization business performance to contract and therefore registers fewer profit margins.This happens because unemployment puts less credit in the pockets of households and businesses therefore reducing utilization rates of telecommunicating services of the organization. The subscribers’ rate of using the services is reduced as a result of the cut in the consumption levels of the users of the service. The client business usage rates also reduce bec ause the IP services used by these businesses depend on the cost budget of the client business of the organization. Level of mobile sales drops because the rate at which the new subscribers register to mobile services is low. However the organization registers higher returns with reduction in unemployment, the household have enough savings therefore the rates at which they utilize the services is higher. The businesses can sell off there products due to a rise in demand and therefore there profits margins are average and hence they can adjust there budget to purchase the IP services OF ATT.New subscribers can also be noted to come in therefore the general increase in the organizations’ revenue is registered. However the organization manages to keep its revenue margins by reducing the costs involved in its operations. The organization offer more than six per cent dividend yield which is maintained because of the stable profits. During the recession period the organization manages t o raise the charges so as to compensate for the inflation to keep the profit margins constant. Coyne, (2009) writes that, in 2010, AT T showed earnings of 57% per share, nearly topping Wall Street expectation on a net profit of 3.4 billion Dollars. AT T also managed to cut on jobs by 12000 employees during the contractions which amounted to 4% of the whole work force.Laying of its’ workers is an essential thing to do because the costs of wages are reduced and the remaining employees are assigned the duties of the cleared employees. Reduction in wage costs stabilizes the profit margin which could have been so squeezed in time of inflation. Inflation times require that the wages be increased to cater for increasing prices, and therefore it becomes precise to cut these wages in order to maintain a stable margin of revenue. The telecom business sector in the United States is a sector that carries huge interest of the investors and therefore its performance is a vital tool of attract ing the potential investors. In order to continue being stable, the organization is now planning to merge with a leading German   mobile telecom provider; T- mobile, This will increase the number of subscribers to 130 million users which is going to by pass the now leading telecom provider, Verizon.Merging is beneficial to the organization because of the following reasons; taking advantage of economies of scale whereby the organizations with large investments and huge quantity of output, decrease the average costs involved in rendering the telecom services. The volumes of service sales increase tremendously letting them take advantage of the economies of scale. The organization will be able to compete with Verizon the current leading telecom services company in the U.S. Hence the potential investors should be now be eying the new AT $T merger organization. More shareholders mean more earning per share of AT T and therefore its shares will yield a higher return on the stock exchange market.According to the Beige book, financial firms noted the demand for loans by households to be low; this is because the households and the businesses are afraid to take the risks of investing with the trotting of low economic times in reported in Dallas District. AT T will be impacted by this economic condition   in that when the investment levels in the company reduces the   rates of interests are going to be low hence the rate of return of the AT T stocks will be low. This will have an impact on the growth rate of the organization making it to stagnate.Further low performance of the organizations stocks will reduce the value of the shares resulting to low revenue of the company. Reduction of profit margins is likely to take the company in contraction business state which will force it to take precautionary measures such as raising charges of their services and laying off workers in an effort to reduce the costs involved in its operations. Low investment levels is an indicato r of less credit among the households and hence less consumption of the service by the subscribers. Finally, the business sales of AT T reduce which in turn minimize the revenues of the organization.In conclusion AT T is sensitive to economic conditions especially unemployment which is characterized by inflation. As a business that endeavors to remain solvent, the organization takes measures such as increasing service charges and reducing the wage costs so as to maintain its profit margins. The beige book Dallas summary, notes a reduction of loans demanded by business and households of whom are the major consumers of the AT T services. This means that the organizations performance will also be affected by the condition which will force it again to adjust its strategies; increase charges or lay off workers so as to maintain its revenue.

The Pali Canon and The Theravada Buddhism - 1086 Words

The Pali Canon is a collection of texts central to the teachings of Theravada Buddhism. The Pali Canon addresses the rules of conduct and regulations within the monastic order of Buddhism, the discourses spoken by the Buddha and his disciples, and scholastic interpretation of the teachings of the Buddha (Fronsdal 2005). We will first focus on the discourses spoken by the Buddha to further our understanding of the Buddhist religion. [Buddha:] â€Å"What do you think monks: Is form permanent or impermanent?† â€Å"Impermanent sir.† â€Å"And is the impermanent suffering or happiness?† â€Å"Suffering sir.† â€Å"And with respect to what is impermanent, suffering, naturally unstable, is it proper to perceive it in this way: â€Å"This is mine; I am this; this†¦show more content†¦The Zen sect of Buddhism is prominent in Japan and can be seen as a convergence of Taoism and Buddhism. Its main influence is said to be found in the Buddhas flower s ermon, where instead of speaking, he held up a golden lotus flower. This sermon is key to understanding Zen Buddhism because its followers use koans to reach clear minds and insight. The Zen Buddhists try to clear their minds of concepts much like the lotus flower cleans itself of dirt. Koans can be described as questions that have no clear answer, and cause the mind to be agitated to a point where one abandons logic. This will eventually lead the mind to let go of its concepts so that one can experience the world with a clarity. Vajrayana is a sect of Buddhism that is primarily found in Tibet and is known for its use of tantras. The Vajrayanas believe that the use of sounds, sights, and movement can help empower an individual during meditation, and believe that pleasures can be sought after you have a pure mind. They use mantras to during meditation and try to envision deities in order to enhance their spiritual power (Smith 1994). Overall, we find that the Vajrayana and Zen Buddh ists are mystical sects, and concentrate on experiences rather than scriptures to reach enlightenment. Modern Convergence of Belief The Buddha preached that change was inevitable and that everything is impermanent. This idea is relevant whenShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Theravada Buddhism On Myanmar1288 Words   |  6 PagesTheravada Buddhism is one of two major sects of Buddhism and is practiced primarily in Southeast Asia. Its practice began in Sri Lanka and spread to Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia, and has influence in the West today. In the eleventh century C.E., King Anawratha established The Myanmas kingdom, it was at this time that he converted to Theravada Buddhism, despite a large Tantric Buddhist population in the kingdom. From then on, Myanmar has been known as a Theravada Buddhist country. As with most religionsRead MoreTheravada Buddhism767 Words   |  4 Pages Theravada Buddhism Angela Dodd REL/133 03/14/2016 Melissa Singer Theravada Buddhism Buddhism is one of the oldest and most influential religions in the world. It has had a great impact on an array of societies in eastern cultures. Buddhism began in India from the experience of one person originally named Siddhartha, who later became known as Buddha. It can be said that religion can help people to grasp and understand reality better. It can give inspiration to people and bring them together asRead MoreEssay on Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism2768 Words   |  12 Pages There are two forms of Buddhism that are still prevalent in society today, these are Theravada and Mahayana. Both these traditions have existed for many centuries and encompass important beliefs derived from the Pali Canon and other ancient Indian Buddhist literature. They revert back to the orthodox teachings presented by the historical Gautama Buddha such as The Four Noble Truths and The Eightfold Path. Both these forms of Buddhism stay devoted to the traditional beliefs that the rel igionRead MoreDifferences Of Theravada And Mahayana Buddhism1181 Words   |  5 Pages There are two major divisions of Buddhism. These two major divisions are Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism. Both of these divisions of Buddhism are similar but also different in some aspects. Theravada Buddhism is known as the traditions of the elders and Mahayana Buddhism is known as the expansive way. I will talk about three difference in Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. There are also many little differences in both they will also be brought up in the describing the two divisions. OneRead MoreTheravada And Mahayana Buddhism And Buddhism1433 Words   |  6 Pagesschisms of Buddhism due to different outlooks on the fundamental teachings and ideas of Buddhism. The two that have survived and are still current today are Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. Theravada Buddhism is often found in southern locations, which include Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and parts of Southeast As ia (Mitchell, pp. 91). Mahayana Buddhism, however, is found in the northern areas of the world, such as: Tibet, China, Taiwan, Japan, and more. These two schools of Buddhism bothRead MoreThe 4 Noble Truths And The Eightfold Path1478 Words   |  6 Pages Both initially originating in the Himalaya and written in Sanskrit, Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the main religions on the continent of Asia. Many believe that Buddhism first originated in Northern India in the 5th century B.C.E. when Siddhartha Guatama (the son of a king) rebelled against his father and went out into the world in hope of finding a way to end suffering . After trying many things, he eventually sat down beneath a bodhi tree to meditate. Supposedly by morning he wasRead MoreBuddhism Breaks Apart Essay example1402 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism Breaks Apart Buddhism is the religion of spiritual enlightenment through the suppressing of one’s worldly desires. Buddhism takes one on the path of a spiritual journey, to become one with their soul. It teaches one how to comprehend life’s mysteries, and to cope with them. Founded in 525 B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama; Theravada Buddhism is the first branch of Buddhism; it was a flourishing religion in India before the invasions by the Huns and the Muslims, and Mahayana Buddhism formedRead MoreReligion Is A Conception Of One s Own Beliefs1289 Words   |  6 Pagesattending a university has allowed me to relinquish the beliefs I was compelled to. This course of study, along with the impactful visits to the Wat Buddharangsi Temple, has expanded my views toward religion. Theravada Buddhism, one of the earliest schools of thoughts of Buddhism. Theravada means â€Å"Way of the Elders† because the central figures are the monks, the elders that, with monastic preparation and solitary reflection, live their life in order to attain nirvana. The Absolute Noble Truth ofRead MoreEssay on Asian Art Museum in San Francisco1315 Words   |  6 PagesSoutheast Asia, Himalaya, China, Korea and Japan. I was quite impressed with the collection of Buddhist items, with entire sections dedicated to Buddhism from different time periods and regions. Of all the historical artifacts, I would say what became most apparent and valuable as a take-away lesson was the diversity of Buddha imagery in Buddhism, again depending on time periods and regions. As I walked from one room to the next, I sometimes found myself not sure if I was even still browsing theRead MoreSiddhartha Gautama And The Buddha1991 Words   |  8 PagesSiddhartha Gautama was the founder of Buddhism and was called the Buddha meaning the brain to the religion. Buddhism like any other religion has many beliefs and practices which are still observed and carried out currently in a person everyday life. As well as this there are also many sects within the Buddhist religion which have been formed of the years. Many being the reason of invasions and others being of moving to teach a religion further to a neighbouring country . Siddhartha Gautama gained

Plato s The Divine Command Theory - 1768 Words

In his work Euthyphro, Plato introduces a religiously based moral code. This code, the divine command theory, stresses the pleasing of god in one’s moral actions. Plato’s characters, Euthyphro and Socrates, take turns in a debate defending and criticizing this theory. Its flawed nature is uncovered and we as readers are able to notice its advantages and disadvantages. Using these criticisms, revisions to the divine command theory have been made. After analyzing the divine command theory and noting both its advantages and its critiques, I largely agree with the criticisms that are made about it. However, with certain revisions, it can be transformed into a reliable and successful philosophy. The divine command theory is composed of two maxims. First, it is right for an agent to do x. Second, God commands the agent to do x. Thus, God commands what is right for the agent to do. These statements are logically equivalent, as they together can only be either true or false. Th e second statement must also precede the first in order for the overall theory to make sense. For example, if God commands a man to love his neighbor as himself, then it is right for that man to do so. He cannot act on a command that is morally right if that command is not given to him. This idea of the divine command theory is presented by Plato in his Euthyphro. One of the main characters, Euthyphro, is prosecuting his father for killing a servant. Socrates, his philosophical counterpart, observes this actShow MoreRelatedDivine Command Theory : An Ethical Theory828 Words   |  4 PagesDivine command theory is an ethical theory (metaethics) which asserts that an actions place as morally good, is corresponding to whether or not it is commanded by God. The theory states, roughly, that â€Å"The view that morality is somehow dependent upon God, and that moral obligation consists in obedience to God’s commands. Divine Command Theory includes the claim that morality is ultima tely based on the commands or character of God, and that the morally right action is the one that God commands orRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory : Capital Punishment And Abortion Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe Divine Command Theory is the assertion in ethics that an action is morally right if, and only if, it conforms to God’s will. This premise ties together morality and religion in a manner that seems expected, since it provides a solution to arguments about moral relativism and the objectivity of ethics. On the other hand, in Plato’s Euthyphro, Socrates questions whether something is right because God commands it, or whether God commands it because it is right. The ethical implications of theRead MoreThe Text Euthyphro By Plato990 Words   |  4 PagesEuthyphro by Plato is concisely a dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro. Socrates confronts Euthyphro when he argues The point which I should first wish to understand is whether the pious or holy is block ed by the gods because it is holy, or because it is blocked by the gods (cf. pg. 31); 10a. This refers back to the Devine Command Theory and civil religion. Civil Religion is defined as a mixture between religion and cultural relativism. Civil Religion is an alternative version of  the Divine CommandRead MoreThe Divine Command Theorist Approach1335 Words   |  6 PagesMaking decisions can be easy at times when it does not require much thought; however, it can be complicated, especially when it involves people s lives. If, for instance, there is a boat holding seventy-five people but it should only hold fifty in order to ensure the safety of the passengers and lessen the risk of the boat sinking, who will be asked to leave the boat? There are also one hundred individuals in the water whose lives must be considered; what can be done in a tight situation such asRead MoreThe Ethical Theories Of Philosophy Essay2014 Words   |  9 PagesSurname 9 Name: Instructor s name: Course: 13 April 2016 ETHICAL THEORIES IN PHILOSOPHY Section one: Introduction Part of being human is the ability to distinguish good from bad and vice versa (Rachels 9). Human nature is a ground for practical and moral norms that is; morality directs us to real human fulfilment. Great thinkers have formulated and developed a significant number of enduring moral principles over the centuries. Philosophy, like other social fields and also like individualsRead MoreThe Republic By Plato And The Prince By Machiavelli1617 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough written nearly two centuries apart, The Republic by Plato and The Prince by Machiavelli offer important views on political philosophies of rulers. Plato writes of a perfect society where status as ruler is naturally selected through innate abilities. These abilities are used to sustain the society, better it, and preserve it. Machiavelli writes of a society where anyone can be a prince; which for our purposes is a synonym for ruler, if they follow his instructions. These instructions areRead MoreEssay on Deontologial Theory1295 Words   |  6 PagesETHICS Deontological Theory Historically ethics was studied from a philosophical aspect and viewed as the science of morals. Ethics had been defined as the principles of moral conduct that govern our behavior. Our ethical behavior is developed from various factors, to include our environment, family and beliefs. The origins of ethics can be traced back to the fifth century, BC ( Banner, 1968, pg.67). Plato, Socrates and Aristotle are among the early teachers of ethics. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheseRead MoreIn PlatoS Euthyphro, Socrates And Euthyphro Discuss The1734 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato s Euthyphro, Socrates and Euthyphro discuss the nature of piety. Euthyphro first proposed that piety is that which the gods love. His proposal was quickly objected by Socrates though, since the gods often disputed amongst themselves and therefore what one loves can be what another hates. Euthyphro then revised his hypothesis to say that piety is that which the gods love unanimously and for the moment this was their conclusion. This definition however, that piety is what the gods love unanimouslyRead More The Concept of Tyranny in Literature Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pagesend, Locke has the most effective ideas as opposed to Plato and Hobbes. Although, they are all equally great minds, based on the democracy that Americans hold true, Locke’s analysis can be the only logical means of proposed prevention. The first author, who takes particular concern with the concept of tyranny, is Plato in his work the The Republic. He perceives tyranny as a â€Å"dictatorship and the dictatorial man† (Porter 84) that â€Å"evolve[s] from democracy† (Porter 84). Circumstances that appearRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy1451 Words   |  6 Pagestheir self centeredness in order to desire what is superior to oneself, this city can not reach virtue. The question then becomes, â€Å"What is the origin of this default wiring?† In order to understand the answer Augustine would give, one must know his theory on the creation of the world. Augustine proposed that God’s nature is overflowing. He said that that overflow became the world. In the overflow, there is a hierarchy of creation. The dominate being God, the creator, and right below him are humans

Bcom/275 Wk4 Assignment Free Essays

BCOM/275 WK4 Assignment: Knowing Your Audience Communication Release Communication To Family Face-To-Face We regret to inform you that your family member is among 33 workers currently trapped due to cave-in. We want you to know that as we speak, we have rescue workers on site doing everything possible to bring every worker to safety as soon as possible. We will keep you informed as new information develops. We will write a custom essay sample on Bcom/275 Wk4 Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now I this statement I don’t wont to give too much information about the events that possibly lead to the collapse because I don’t want to cause any more sorrow or panic than necessary †¢ It is wise to keep the family informed of any developing information because it is best they here it from you instead of miss-information from the news. †¢ Until the whereabouts of the miners have been confirmed, it is best to not mention that part to the family. Communication To The Company Via Meeting We have just been informed of a cave-in trapping 33 miners at one of our Northern Chile copper mining location. Rescuers are drilling holes to try and locate the works. But for now there has been no confirmation as to whether the 33 miners have survived the cave-in. They are approximately 300 meters down and there is limited food, oxygen and water. So rescuers are working around the clock. We have also learned that doing the rescue there was a second cave-in Saturday causing a delay in rescue efforts for several hours. We ask that you reframe from sharing any information with anyone outside the company, especially the media. It is important that we gather all that facts and keep the family members informed prior to any information being leaked to the media. There will be a follow up emails informing everyone of new information as it is received. †¢ With the company I would want to be straightforward and somewhat detailed of the events. †¢ It is important to information co-workers to not talk to media about certain details of the incident out of fear that it may get misworded and back to the families. How to cite Bcom/275 Wk4 Assignment, Essay examples

Bcom/275 Wk4 Assignment Free Essays

BCOM/275 WK4 Assignment: Knowing Your Audience Communication Release Communication To Family Face-To-Face We regret to inform you that your family member is among 33 workers currently trapped due to cave-in. We want you to know that as we speak, we have rescue workers on site doing everything possible to bring every worker to safety as soon as possible. We will keep you informed as new information develops. We will write a custom essay sample on Bcom/275 Wk4 Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now I this statement I don’t wont to give too much information about the events that possibly lead to the collapse because I don’t want to cause any more sorrow or panic than necessary †¢ It is wise to keep the family informed of any developing information because it is best they here it from you instead of miss-information from the news. †¢ Until the whereabouts of the miners have been confirmed, it is best to not mention that part to the family. Communication To The Company Via Meeting We have just been informed of a cave-in trapping 33 miners at one of our Northern Chile copper mining location. Rescuers are drilling holes to try and locate the works. But for now there has been no confirmation as to whether the 33 miners have survived the cave-in. They are approximately 300 meters down and there is limited food, oxygen and water. So rescuers are working around the clock. We have also learned that doing the rescue there was a second cave-in Saturday causing a delay in rescue efforts for several hours. We ask that you reframe from sharing any information with anyone outside the company, especially the media. It is important that we gather all that facts and keep the family members informed prior to any information being leaked to the media. There will be a follow up emails informing everyone of new information as it is received. †¢ With the company I would want to be straightforward and somewhat detailed of the events. †¢ It is important to information co-workers to not talk to media about certain details of the incident out of fear that it may get misworded and back to the families. How to cite Bcom/275 Wk4 Assignment, Essay examples

The Nuremberg Trials (2078 words) Essay Example For Students

The Nuremberg Trials (2078 words) Essay The Nuremberg TrialsThe Nuremberg TrialsThe Nuremberg trial was built up to be the trial of the century. In the word’s of Norman Birkett, who served as a British alternate judge: it was â€Å"the greatest trial in history† . The four most intriguing characters of this trial were of vast contradiction to each other; there was Herman Georing the relentless leader, Joachim von Ribbentrop the guilty and indecisive follower of Hitler, Hjalmar Schacth the arrogant financial wizard of the Rich and Albert Speer the remorseful head of armament and munitions. Three of the four allies wanted the Nazi leaders to be executed without a trial Winston Churchill said, â€Å"They should be rounded up and shot like dog’s† but the Americans persuaded the other allies that a trial would be most beneficial from a public relations standpoint, so now with the allies agreed the stage for Nuremberg was set. We will write a custom essay on The Nuremberg Trials (2078 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The four most fascinating leaders of the Nazi party that were put on trial were Georing, von Ribbentrop, Schacth and Speer, not so much individually but together. Georing was presumably the most famous and high ranking of all the defendants tried at Nuremberg. He had joined the Nazi party in 1922 and ascended to the post of president of the Reichstag in essence Hitler’s number two man. He like many of the others tried was very intelligent, but seemed to be much too aware of it. He defend himself and Hitler vigorously saying â€Å"the victor will always be the judge and the vanquished the accused. â€Å" Von Ribbentrop was the German foreign minister in theory, but in reality he was just a messenger of Hitler’s will with no real power. He was said by all Nazi leaders to be very week and indecisive to the point of asking prison barbers and guards for advice for his defense. The once powerful man who made foreign policy decisions that cost millions there lives could not even decide if he felt remorse or if he was correct in his actions. Schacth the German in charge of finances and the Reichsbank considered himself to be innocent in the absolute. He stated that he did help rearm Germany but that was hardly a crime because the allied military inspectors watched as we broke the treaty of Versailles. He said his proof of being innocent was that he served time in a German concentration camp for disagreeing with Hitler. The most repentant of all the Nazi higher ups was Albert Speer. He wanted to take responsibility for actions, and wanted the others to do the same. Speer was in charge of munitions and armament. The defendants all pleading not guilty, they were now left with the task of waiting for there fate. With the defendants all in custody the next step of the trial would be for the allies to organize their prosecution and manufacture the charges agents the defendants. The allies indicted the Nazis under four counts with each allied country dealing with one count. Committee (1) Conspiracy to commit crimes alleged in other counts (United States)Committee (2) Crimes agents peace (England)Committee (3) War Crimes (France)Committee (4) Crimes agents humanity (Russia) The United States alleged that the Nazi party as a whole committed conspiracy to start an aggressive war, to commit crimes agents humanity (slave labor and the stealing of resources) and to cleanse the world of various ethnic groups. After the Nazi party acquired governmental control over Germany they conspired to:(a compressed version of the indictment as a whole by all four countries)Conspiracy to Commit Crimes Agents the peace -Re-arm and reoccupy the Rhineland in violation of the treaty of Versailles (World War II surrender terms, limitations on Army, Air Force and Navy)-On 5/21/1935 the Germans falsely announced to the world that they would fallow the Versailles and Locarno Pacts (Territorial and weapons treaty)-Aggressive action agents Austria and Czechoslovakia. -As of 1937 plans were made for the conquest of Austria and Czechoslovakia contrary to what Hitler said â€Å"Germany neither intends, nor wishes to interfere in the internal affairs of Austria†-The planning to start war with Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Yugoslavia, Greece, England and Russia. Conspiracy to Commit War Crimes and Crimes Agents Humanity. .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 , .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 .postImageUrl , .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 , .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89:hover , .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89:visited , .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89:active { border:0!important; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89:active , .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89 .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9ae19163e0453b9db38c6479c888e89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Expression: Tinker V. Des Moines Essay-The Nazi party conspired to commit ethnic cleansing. -The Nazi party doctrine stated the fallowing. (a) That persons of German blood were a master race(b) That war was a necessary and noble activity of the German people(c) That the Nazi party was a supreme power even over God(d) Implementing anti-Semitism and the â€Å"master race† policy The Nazi’s persecution of the various Religions of Germany The Nazi’s use of slave labor from countries they conquered and stolen resources and national treasures The conspiracy charge of the United States covered all of the other counts of the indictment as well. To go along with the charges of the Nazi party there was an individual charge for each defendant as well. Goering was charged under all four counts of the indictment, specifically as president of the Richstage, setting up concentration camps, aggressive war and using his personal power to help the Nazis gain power and did not stop, but in fact encouraged the above-mentioned crimes. Von Ribbentrop was charged with all fou r counts, using his power as foreign minister to encouraged aggressive war on the countries of Europe, persecute different ethnic groups and for breaking a laundry lists of treaties. Schacht was charged with the first two counts of the indictment for being a member of the Nazi party, helping Germany re-arm, and encouraging war on Europe. Speer was charge with the last two counts of the indictment for enlisting slave labor. With the charges laid out for the world to see the trial was now ready to begin. With all the charges laid out the trial was set to begin. Each country would present its case to the court fallowed by each defendant presenting his case. The United States would present first. Lead prosecutor for the U.S Robert Jackson began to outline his case starting with Hitler’s rise to power and his propaganda policies. The first witness of the trial was Major Wallis who went into detail of how Hitler and Goebbels used propaganda to impose their doctrine of hate, persecution and ethnic cleansing on the German people. The key part of the trial came when the â€Å"Hoszbach document† was presented into evidence. The document outlined the Germany’s plan to take over Eastern Europe. â€Å"†¦To conquer Czechoslovakia and Austria simultaneously†¦German politics must reckon in part with its two hateful enemies England and France†. This document was damaging because it proved the United States case that the Nazi party had in fact conspired to conqu er Europe long before the outbreak of war. Next for the United Sates was the showing of an atrocity film with depicted German death camps as found by allied troops. The next key witness in the case was General Lahousen who was head of German counter-intelligence. He talked about the concentration camps and the atrocities there. With the United States case finished the British began there case which was short and to the point. With the United States bringing up all four counts of the indictments in their case the British case was very short. The first piece of evidence in the British case was letters from Franklin Roosevelt and Chamberlain of England pleading the Germans not to invade Poland and other European countries. The English also put forth documents of planed Nazi aggression that were taken as early as 1934. The French and Russian prosecutions were very similar in the fact that they outlined the death camps, slave labor and the stealing of property/resources. The French prose cution consisted basically of a list of various crimes from the murder of French P.O.W, to the stealing of art and supplies. They only called few witnesses and presented only a list of Nazi theft. The Russians also presented a list of crimes but they showed a very incrementing film of Nazi death camps in Eastern Europe. During the presentation of this film many of the defendants were seeing crying and were very shaken. With the prosecution case finished the defendants would present their case. Georing would be first. Georing only called two witnesses (not including himself) who were to testify that Georing tried to make peace with allied countries behind von Ribbentrop’s back and that he was unaware of the death camps. Both witnesses under cross from Jackson admitted that Georing did not make a real effort for peace and had infact started the concentration camps as head of the Prussia Police. When Georing testified he did not do much better. His only real defense was that â⠂¬Å"I was just a solider obeying my leader.† He was also made to admit that he knew of some of the incidents of extermination â€Å"but did not know the extent of them† . The next to take the stand was von Ribbentrop. His defense revolved around the theory that his office was disorganized that when he gave an order it was interpreted and changed â€Å"there was constant wrangling over authority, changing orders. The fact that high government officials were always at odds made the entire system a mess.† When he took the stand he did not ad very much to his case saying that many of the treaties he had signed in good faith, but that Hitler had given direct orders to disobey them. When crossed by the British he wilted under pressure of a stack of documents incriminating him. The next to testify was Schacht. He said, â€Å"He simply wanted to make Germany a economic force.† He proved that he did not fallow Hitler by presenting documents indicating his resignati on and his being thrown into a labor camp. The only points that were contested were his breaking of the Versailles treaty and his help in re-arming Germany. The last to testify from the group was Albert Speer. He took responsibility for his part in the crimes including slave labor, but added near the end of the war he had tried to assonate Hitler (This had been made public earlier in the trial) to prevent feather damage. He also said that he ignored Hitler’s order to destroy German â€Å"If Germany can not win the war then she dose not deserve to survive.† When Speer was crossed he admitted to the extent of the slave labor he had used and admitted that he was unconcerned about the legality of it all. The next phase in the trial was the moment of truth for all the condemned Nazis. The first verdict was that of Georing. The judge said that from the moment Georing had joined the party he had persecuted Jews, had encouraged Hitler to make war and had stolen treasure from o ccupied countries. Guilty on all counts, death by hanging. The next verdict was that of von Ribbentrop. The judge did see his side somewhat but added â€Å"it was because Hitler’s policy and plans coincided with his own ideas that Ribbentrop served him so willingly to the end.† Guilty all counts, death by hanging. .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f , .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f .postImageUrl , .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f , .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f:hover , .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f:visited , .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f:active { border:0!important; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f:active , .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u62071a5efbb5f5998e1bbda753f6be0f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drinking Age EssayIn the judge’s verdict of Schacht he denounced him but added, â€Å"The tribunal has considered the evidence with great care, and comes to the conclusion that this necessary inference (the Nazi party) has not been established beyond a reasonable doubt.† Not guilty. The last verdict was Speer who had thrown his mercy to the court. The judge sympathized with him but also denounced him. Guilty on counts three and four, twenty years impresentment. What was the legacy of the Nuremberg trials? It was meant to change how wars are fought forever, but did not complete that goal of a permanent tribunal with only one other human rights tribunal since then. The trial is a successes in it self but it’s legacy is a failure. Robert Jackson said what the Nuremberg trial was about best in his closing argument â€Å"They have been given the kind of trial which they in the days of their pomp and power, never gave any man†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Fairness and a more civilized society. BibliographyFootnotesLegal Issues

King Ethelbert I of Kent

King Ethelbert I of Kent King Ethelbert I of Kent was also known as: Aethelbert I, Aethelberht I, Ethelberht I, St. Ethelbert Ethelbert was known for: issuing the earliest Anglo-Saxon law code that is still extant. Ethelbert also allowed Augustine of Canterbury to evangelize in his lands, which would begin the Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England. Occupations: KingMilitary Leader Places of Residence and Influence: England Important Dates: Born: c. 550Became King of Kent: 560Died: February 24, 616 About King Ethelbert I of Kent: Ethelbert was the son of King Eormenric of Kent, who was believed to have been descended from Hengist, of Hengist and Horsa fame. When Eormenric died in 560, Ethelbert became king of Kent, even though he was still in his minority. The first notable action made by Ethelbert was an attempt to wrest control of Wessex from Ceawlin, then king of Wessex. His efforts were thwarted when he was badly defeated by Ceawlin and his brother Cutha in 568. Though he was evidently unsuccessful in war, Ethelbert was quite successful in his marriage to Berhta, daughter of the Merovingian King Charibert. Ethelbert had long been a pagan, worshipping the Norse god Odin; yet he made every concession to Berhtas Catholicism. He allowed her to practice her religion wherever and however she wished, and he even gave her the church of St. Martin, which had allegedly survived from the time of Roman occupation, in his capital of Cantwaraburh (which would come to be called Canterbury). Although it is entirely possible that Ethelberts devotion to his bride sprang from sincere regard and even love, the prestige of her family may also have motivated the Kentish king to accommodate her Christian ways. The Catholicism of the Merovingian kings tied them strongly to the papacy, and the power of the family was growing in what is now France. It is likely that Ethelbert allowed pragmatism and wisdom to govern these decisions. Whether he was motivated by the influence of Berhta or the power of her family, Ethelbert readily communicated with missionaries from Rome. In 597, a group of monks led by Augustine of Canterbury landed on the Kentish coast. Ethelbert welcomed them and gave them a place to live; he supported their efforts to convert his people, but never forced conversion on anyone. Tradition has it that he was baptized not long after Augustines arrival in England, and that, inspired by his example, thousands of his subjects converted to Christianity. Ethelbert facilitated the construction of churches, including the church of St. Peter and St. Paul, which was allegedly constructed on the site of a pagan temple. It was here that Augustine, the first Archbishop of Canterbury, would be buried, as were several of his successors. Although there was at one point a move to make London the primary See of England, Ethelbert and Augustine together resisted the attempt, and the See of Canterbury thus became the foremost Catholic Church in England. In 604 Ethelbert promulgated a law code known as the Dooms of Ethelbert; this is not only the first of several Dooms of Anglo-Saxon kings, it is the first known written law code in English. Ethelberts Dooms fixed the legal standing of the Catholic clergy in England as well as setting in place a good number of secular laws and regulations. Ethelbert died on February 24, 616. He was survived by two daughters and a son, Eadbald, who remained a pagan all his life. Under Eadbald, Kent and much of southern England saw a resurgence in paganism. Later sources would name Ethelbert a Braetwalda, but it is not known whether or not he used the title himself during his lifetime. More Ethelbert Resources: Ethelbert in PrintThe links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. by Eric John, Patrick Wormald James Campbell; edited by James Campbell(Oxford history of England)by Frank M. Stentonby Peter Hunter Blair Ethelbert on the Web St. EthelbertBrief bio by Ewan Macpherson at the Catholic EncyclopediaMedieval Sourcebook: The Anglo-Saxon Dooms, 560-975First in the document are Ethelberts Dooms. Primary source taken from Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1901), Vol. IV: The Early Medieval World, pp. 211-239. Scanned and edited by Jerome S. Arkenberg, and placed online by Paul Halsall at his Medieval Sourcebook. Dark-Age BritainMedieval ChristianityWhos Who Directories: Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society

Write a Research Paper

Write a Research Paper Write a Research Paper Write a Research Paper If you have to write a research paper, you should start with analyzing the topic.   Sure, your tutor will not assign a topic you are totally unfamiliar with.   Thus, you have some understanding of the issue and can think about the points you will cover.   Your first assignment is to write an outline.   An advantage of a well-constructed outline is that is helps you identify gaps in your reasoning and presentation. Sample formal research paper outline: Main point and a thesis statement Subpoint Example/Explication Example/Explication Subpoint Example/Explication Example/Explication Conclusion you plan to reach Sure, you may not know how to write a research paper prior to reading different articles.   Moreover, your outline will definitely change in the course of writing.   You will come across different ideas, find new facts, and you may even change your opinion.   It happens that by the time half of your research paper is already written, you suddenly realize that you have taken a wrong direction.   Do not panic!   You are given at least two weeks to write a research paper.   You need to leave your work aside and either start writing from scratch or change hypothesis.   In any case, you have to proofread and edit your research paper many times until it can be marked as perfect and ready to be submitted.   Research paper writing is a serious academic project and you should not neglect its importance! Free Research Paper Do you think it is worth to spend time searching free research paper on the Internet? Are you sure that the project you have found has not been already turned in to your adviser? There are many reasons why smart students should not copy/paste works of others and present them as your own.   Unfortunately, most students have no time or simply do not want to waste on research paper writing. offers you an opportunity to order professional research paper writing service.   We guarantee adherence to all instructions and ensure proper formatting.   For example, if you need APA style research paper, we will deliver custom written research paper formatted in APA style! We guarantee high quality of our research paper writing service.   Our writers are educated and have years of writing experience.   Our editors proofread your essay for mistakes prior to sending it to you.   Our customer support representatives provide adequate support and timely feedback.   Our administration is ready to answer all of your questions and address concerns.   We are looking forward to seeing you as our customer!

Latin American Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Latin American Politics - Essay Example Trade unions developed under government control in Mexico or Brazil, were managed at the price of ntially increased labour costs which had led employers to adopt capital-intensive, production methods. (Ward, 2006). Specifically for Mexico, Argentina and Peru, the earning capability of the urban poor was held down by their limited talents and work skills, by the limited opportunities for higher paid formal sector work, and by competition from rural immigrants. The self-employed were subjected to political harassment. Small-scale businesses were hampered by their suppliers, and they had to deal with tight credit. Job opportunities in industry were limited, and there was growth of employment in the service sector. Economic development had increased the demand for more service workers. The concept of injustice in Latin America had dealt with the various types of unfair, discriminatory and injurious treatment suffered by the poor in the region. This concept involves a study of the different structures, practices and relationships that involve the subordination, domination, persecution and repression of human beings through the use of violence and intimidation. The Mexican revolution was spearheaded by Lazaro Cardena. Crdenas stated emphatically in a public address that the organization of workers and the organization of peasants were indispensable for the implementation of the laws of Mexico. He regarded organized labor as a superior force which can definitely provide the resistance that had opposed the economic upliftment of the Mexican people.However, Crdenas and his chief labor lieutenant, Lombardo Toledano, had different views on whether workers should unite to form producer co-operatives. The leadership of the central labor federation was open to a mixed form of industrial administration which gave a voice to the state and the consumers. Cardenas had also presented his position at Monterrey in which his speech contained his Fourteen Points. He had advocated the principle that an industry that could only survive on low wages, sweatshop conditions, and evasion of labor laws had no right to live. He had suggested the establishment of wo rker cooperatives. Peru was managed by a special military junta led by Division General Juan Velasco Alvarado, who was then the general commander of the army and chairman of the joint military command at the time of the coup. He was named president of the republic after the Revolutionary Junta gained full control of the government. The October 3 coup was planned by generals and colonels who desired to start a "revolution" that would end the historical predominance of foreign economic interests and the local oligarchy in the political and economic life of the nation. The new regime issued a manifesto in which it sought to reverse the unjust social and economic order which puts the national wealth within the reach of the privileged few, while the majority had suffered poverty. Many Peruvian entrepreneurs had complained that the nation's most profitable businesses were owned and monopolized by the foreigners. To address this problem, the military had implemented expropriations which were aimed to limit o r remove foreign participation in agriculture, services, banking, telecommunications, and the marketing of petroleum and minerals. Thus, Latin American countries had faced a myriad

Misuse of DNA in Homicide Cases Annotated Bibliography

Misuse of DNA in Homicide Cases - Annotated Bibliography Example The National Commission on the Future of DNA was established by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) in 1998, courtesy of Janet Reno, who was then the attorney general. The aim was to establish the prospects of DNA evidence, and ways of improving its effectiveness, through the Department of Justice. This article has been very supportive in identifying how the DNA evidence is used for the wrongful intentions. The proposition of recommendations on how to improve DNA evidence has made this article very useful for my research, as most of other articles have not touched on this issue. This article reports on the progressing data of two hypervariable regions from 50 individuals with no close relationship, all from Germany population. The study reveals that most maternal relatives share mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) series, while there was no evidence of mtDNA transmission in respect to paternity. This article goes a long way in helping me to establish how the variability of mtDNA control region series allows utility in forensic characteristics inquiry, which is critical in revealing cases of misuse of DNA in Homicide cases. This article has been used to show how series of mtDNA is being used to typify forensic organic samples, especially in absence of adequate nuclear DNA in specimens for typing. The article has clearly demonstrated how specimens such as teeth, bones and shafts can be subjected to mtDNA examination. This article is very useful as it uses practical demonstration of the same specimens that are used to manipulate evidence during homicide cases. Furthermore, mtDNA series is used to provide tools for typifying biological evidence during DNA tests. The article has essentially added a lot of credence in my research. The authors have noted that a lot of studies have been undertaken in respect to child sexual abuse since 1960s. They have added that, although there has been males’ sexual abuse as well, this social problem has

Introduction Theoretical Theories Of Investment Economics Essay

Introduction Theoretical Theories Of Investment Economics Essay Investment is a strategic variable in the determination of the level and growth of income. It has been defined in various ways by various economists. Generally, it refers to any act of spending with a prospective yield. To the economist, it refers precisely to the process of capital formation whereby there is net addition to the existing assets including inventories and goods in the pipeline of production. It is the actual production of capital equipment, tools and other produced means of production. Investment might be capital formation: Financial Capital and Physical or real capital. There are gross, net and autonomous investments where: Gross Investment= Net Investment + Autonomous Investment Autonomous Investment also known as Government Investment refers to investment which remains the same whatever the level of income. It refers mainly to the investment made on houses, roads, public buildings and other parts of Infrastructure made by the government. Moreover Gross investment is the amount that a company has invested on an asset or business without taking factoring in depreciation into consideration. In other words it is the total amount of money spent for the creation of new capital assets like Plant and Machinery, Factory Building etc. It is the total expenditure made on new capital assets in a period. Furthermore in economics, Net Investment refers to an activity of spending which will cause an increase in the availability of fixed capital goods or means of production. It is the total spending on new fixed investment minus replacement investment, which simply replaces depreciated capital goods. In fact it is Gross investment less Capital Consumption during a period of time. Private Investment depends on various categories of variables. So various theories of investment have been presented and they are provided overleaf:- Fisher Theory of Investment This theory was developed in 1930. Fishers theory was originally developed as a theory of capital, but as he assumes that all capital is circulating, then it is just as proper to conceive of it as a theory of investment. It was provided by Fisher that during the production process, all capital is used up, such that a stock of capital K did not exist. In fact all capital is just investment. There was a condition imposed by Fisher stating that Investment in any given period of time will yield outputs in the nest period. This is illustrated through the equation below: Y2=F [N,I1] Y2 = Output in period 2 I1 = Investment done in period 1 N = labor Assuming a world with only two periods of time, t=1, 2. Investment done in period 1 yields output in period 2. Moreover Fisher assumes that labor is constant Keynesian Theory The Keynesian theory was developed after that John Maynard Keynes (1936) followed suit of the Fisher theory. Keynes stated that there is an independent investment function in the economy. An important aspect of the Keynesian theory is that although savings and investment must be identical, ex-post savings and investment decisions are made by different decision makers and there is reason why ex-ante savings should equal ex-ante investment. According to Trygve Haavelmo (1960) The Keynesian approach places far less emphasis on the adjustment nature of investment. Instead, they tend to have a more behavioral take on the investment decision. Namely, the Keynesian approach argues that investment is simply what capitalists do. Every period, workers consume and capitalists invest as a matter of course. They believe that the main decision is the investment decision; the capital stock just follows from the investment patterns rather than being an important thing that needs to be optimally deci ded Accelerator Principle Theory Over the past two decades, the acceleration principle has played a vital role in the theory of Investment. In fact, this theory was developed before the Keynesian theory; however it became apparent after Keynes investment theory in the twentieth century. The accelerator is generally associated with the name of J.M Clark though it seems to have been first developed by the French economist Albert Aftalion. The basis of the accelerator principle is based on the fact that changes in factors affecting national income would affect investment. In other words, big percentages changes are witnessed due to small in consumer spending. This type of investment is known as induced investment since; it is induced by changes in consumption and income. Furthermore, the accelerator is just the numerical value of the relationship between the increases in investment caused by an increase in income. Normally, it will be positive when national income increases. On the other hand, it might fall to zero if the national output or income remains costant. Neo-Classical Theory In 1971, the neoclassical approach which is a version of the flexible accelerator model was formulated by Jorgenson and others. Flexible Accelerator Model is a more general form of the accelerator model. It is assumed that firms will choose only a fraction, a, of the gap between desired and current actual level of capital stock each period. The larger the gap between the desired capital stock and the actual capital stock, the greater a firms rate of investment. This is illustrated below: I = a [K* -K-1] I = planned net investment during period t K* = desired level of capital stock K-1 = current actual level of capital stock at beginning of period t (end of period t-1) a = adjustment factor, 0 The desired capital stock is proportional to output and the investors cost of capital which in turn depends on the price of capital goods, the real rate of interest, the rate of depreciation and the tax structure. It is important to note that most recent empirical works are based on Jorgenson investment function. In fact Jorgenson provides that a decrease in interest rate would cause an increase in investment by reducing the cost of capital. In 1967, Hall and Jorgenson provide the Hall Jorgenson Model of Investment. The model illustrates that the level of capital stock that is chosen by an optimizing firm depend on various economic features like the production function, depreciation rates, taxes, interest rates. In fact Hall and Jorgenson had used the neoclassical theory of optimal capital accumulation to analyze the relationship between tax policy and investment expenditures. They concluded that tax policy is very effective in changing the level and timing on Investment expenditures. Q theory of Investment The Q theory of Investment, introduced by Tobin (1969) is a popularly accepted theory of real investment. In fact it is a basic tool used for financial market analysis.It is a positive function of Qwhich can be defined as the ratio of the market value of the existing capital to the replacement cost of capital. Q can be defined as follows: Q=Stock Value of Firm/Replacement cost of Investment Q is a barometer for investors as it tends to assess a firms prospect. When Q is greater than one, the firm would make additional investment because the profits generated would be greater than the cost of firms assets. If Q is less than one, the firm would be better off selling its assets instead of trying to put them to use as the firms value is less than what it cost to reproduce their capital. The ideal state is where Q is approximately equal to one denoting that the firm is in equilibrium. The Q theory of investment can also depend on adjustment cost. Literature on this issue was done by Eisner and Strotz (1963), Lucas (1967), Gould (19678) and Tredway (1969). Later Mussa (1977), Abel (1979, 1982) and Yoshikawa (1980) showed that Investment is an increasing function of the shadow price of installed capital. This is such only when there are convex adjustment costs. Marginal Q Model of Investment Moreover Abel (1981) and Hayaski (1982) introduced the marginal q model associated with smooth convex costs of adjustments. They assume that capital market are perfect, such that investment is undertake until the marginal value of an additional unit of investment has decreased to the exact value of the riskless interest rate. Abel (1981) describes marginal q as The optimal rate of Investment is an increasing function of the slope of the value function with respect to the capital stock (marginal q). Abe; states that an increase in any factors that affect price can cause an increase, a decrease or even do not affect investment rate. The effect will depend on the covariance sign of the price with a weighted average of all prices. Hayaski (1982) provides that under linear homogeneity, marginal q is equal to average q. However when marginal q is not equal to average q, it is marginal q which is relevant for investment. In fact marginal q is just a stochastic version of the Q theory of Inv estment. Neo-Classical theory and Q theory of Investment (Panageas 2005) According to Stravos Panageas (2005), the neoclassical theory provides that Investment and the stock market are linked through the Tobin q. This is because the net present value of the company is the value of the company, so when the stock market is rising, there should be an increase in Investment to equate the Q ratio. This involves speculation. Panageas (2005) states that If firms maximizes share prices, then Investment reacts to speculate overpricing. However he also provides that when investment is controlled by shareholders, who do not have perfect access to the market, the link between investment and speculation will not hold. There might be costs to access the market like capital gains taxes, price pressure etc. The model used by Panageas also aid to distinguish between rational and behavioural theories of asset pricing anomalies. Models associated with non-convex costs There are also models with Non-convex costs of adjustments. King and Thomas (2006) states Non-convex adjustment costs imply distributed lags in aggregate series similar to those generated by convex costs, because they stagger the lumpy adjustments undertaken by individual firms in response to shocks. These non- convex costs is linked with the investment theory. A number of influential partial equilibrium studies (Caballero and Engel, 1999; Cooper, Haltiwanger and Power, 1999; Caballero, Engel and Haltiwanger, 1995) have showed that these investments models cause great changes in investment demand following large aggregate shocks. Theories of Interest Rate There is a vast spectrum of interest rate at a given period of time in a country. The interest rate will depend on several variables such as nature of loans, duration of loans, credit worthiness of borrower, hire purchase agreements. When those variables are held constant, the rate of interest or pure interest rate is obtained. The most common theories used to explain interest rate determinations are the Loanable Funds Theory (Neo Classical) and the Liquidity Preference Theory (Keynesian Theory). Furthermore the ISLM model is held for a fully integrated approach. Loanable Funds Theory/ Neo Classical Theory We will first consider the Loanable funds theory which is also known as the neo classical theory of interest. It was developed by the Swedish economist Knot Wickshell (1851-1926). The rate of interest is obtained through the demand and supply of loans in the credit market. The demand for loan is mainly to invest, to consume and to hoard. Traditionally the demand curve will slope downward because a fall in interest rate will attract borrowings. The supply of loans comes from 4 important sources. These are saving, bank money, dishoarding and disinvestment. The supply curve will be upward sloping since a higher rate of interest will induce these sources to supply more loans. So according to the Loanable funds theory, the rate of interest will be determined where these two curves intersect. This is shown below: Rate of interest SL R1 Q1 DL Figure 1.1 Loanable Funds According to figure 1.1, the equilibrium rate will be R1 and Q1 will be the amount of loan that are demanded and supplied. Interest rate either above or below the equilibrium rate will be restored to the equilibrium rate through upward and downward pressure. Changes in the demand and supply of loan will alter interest rate. For example, technological changes might increase the demand for loanable funds. So according to this theory, the rate of interest is the price that equate the demand for and the supply of loanable funds. Liquidity Preference Theory/Keynesian Theory The Liquidity Preference Theory was developed by Keynes. Keynes described interest rate as a purely monetary phenomenon which is determined by the demand and supply of money. Keynes identified 3 reasons why people would prefer liquidity rather that assets. These are: Transactions demand for money The transaction demand is the demand to hold money in order to meet day to day transactions. The amount of cash which the individual will keep in his possession will depend on his size of his personal income and the length of time between his pay days. Precautionary demand for money The precautionary demand is the demand to hold money in order to meet unforeseen events such as illness, being unemployed. The amount of money that the individual will hold for precautionary motives will depend on the individuals condition, economic and political conditions which he lives. The size of his income, nature of the person and foresightedness will also affects the precautionary motives of a person. Speculative demand for money Speculative demand is the demand to hold money as oppose to the holding of bonds. There is an inverse relationship between bonds and the rate of interest. When the price of bond tends to rise, rate of interest will fall due to the inverse relationship, so people will be buying bonds to sell them later when the price actually rises. However when bond prices are expected to fall leading to a rise in the rate of interest, people will sell bonds to avoid losses. According to Keynes, when the interest rate is high, speculative demand for money will be low and vice versa. The supply of money is the amount of money in circulation at a specified time period. It is the central bank which will be determining the supply of money. It is fixed at any given period of time. According to the Liquidity Preference theory, the rate of interest is determined where these two curves intersect as illustrated below: R1 Liquidity Preference (LP) Quantity of money Q1 Q2 S2 Rate of Interest S1 R2 Figure 1.2 As illustrated by figure 1.2, the money supply is represented by S1Q1 along the LP function. The rate of interest will be R1 where the supply of money intersects the LP function. If there is an increase in the money supply to S2Q2, there will be an excess in the supply of money causing people to adjust their demand portfolio by purchasing bonds. The price of bonds will rise leading to a fall in interest rate to R2. Investment/Saving-Liquidity Preference/Money supply (IS-LM) Model The previous two theories does not take into consideration in changes in national income to affect the rate of interest. The IS-LM model is used to arrive at a determinate solution. In fact it is part of the Keynesian theory. In the IS-LM model, interest rate is the only determinant of investment. The IS-LM model assumes that a higher interest rate will result in lower investment and vice versa. In this model interest rate will change due to changes in factors like business activity, credit creation by a bank, confidence, the level of national debt, inflows of funds and even international forces. Keynes provided the investment schedule where interest rate is the only primary determinant of investment. The schedule shows the amount of investment that firms would carry out at each rate of interest.

Contemporary Chinese female art and artists Essay

Introduction In the 1990s, China adopted western feminism and it influenced and rapidly raised the Chinese feminism concept. There were many themes of exhibition focused on female art and female artists, an example of this is the â€Å"Chinese Women Art Exhibition†1 â€Å"Chinese Women Art Exhibition† in 1998, the Frauen museum (Women’s Museum), Bonn, Germany â€Å"Ã¥ Å Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã©â€šÅ -ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹å ¥ ³Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ±â€¢Ã¢â‚¬ , é‚ ±Ã¨  Ã§ ­â€"åŠÆ', Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¥Å"‹æ ³ ¢Ã¦  ©Ã¥ © ¦Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ Å¡Ã§â€° ©Ã© ¤ ¨, Ã¥ Æ'Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ® ¶Ã¦Å"‰ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹, æ ¸ ¯Ã¥  °Ã¥ Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥ ¤â€"å… ±Ã¨ ¨Ë†25ä º º. in 1998 and the â€Å"Century Female Art Exhibition†2 â€Å"Century Female Art Exhibition† in 1998, the China National Art Gallery, Beijing, China â€Å"ä ¸â€"ç ´â‚¬,Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ±â€¢Ã¢â‚¬ , Ã¥ â€¡Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¨Ë†Å¸Ã§ ­â€"åŠÆ',ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹èâ€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ§  â€Ã§ © ¶Ã©â„¢ ¢Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"èâ€" Ã¨ ¡â€œ,Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥Å" °Ã¨ ³â€¡Ã§â€ ¢Ã§ ® ¡Ã§ â€ Ã¦Å"䎪 Ã¥â€¦ ¬Ã¥  ¸Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' ,Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã¨ ¦ ½Ã§  »Ã¥ ±â€¢(é™ ¶Ã¥â€™ Ã§â„¢ ½Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' ),èâ€" Ã¥â€œ Ã¥ ±â€¢(Ã¥ ¾ Ã¨â„¢ ¹Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' ),Ã¥ ¤â€"Ã¥Å"˜å ±â€¢(ç ¾â€¦Ã© ºâ€"ä ¸ »Ã¦Å' ),ç‰ ¹Ã¥ ±â€¢(è ³Ë†Ã¦â€" ¹Ã¨Ë†Å¸Ã¤ ¸ »Ã¦Å' )四個éÆ' ¨Ã¥Ë†â€ .Ã¥ ±â€¢Ã¨ ¦ ½Ã¨ ¨ ­Ã§ «â€¹Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã¥â‚¬â€¹Ã§ Å½Ã©  â€¦:æâ€"‡åÅ'â€"èâ€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ ­ ¸Ã§ ¤ ¾Ã§ Å½(ç  ²Ã§ Å½Ã¨â‚¬â€¦:Ã¥ ¡Å¾Ã¥ £ ¬Ã¨â€" Ã¨ ¡â€œÃ¥ · ¥Ã¤ ½Å"Ã¥ ® ¤,劉è™ ¹,èâ€"݊ ¿ Ã§â€˜â€¢,æžâ€"Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¨â€¹â€",æ ¢ Ã¦ ´ Ã© Ë†) æ‰ ¹Ã¨ ©â€¢Ã¥ ® ¶Ã§ Å½(ç  ²Ã§ Å½Ã¨â‚¬â€¦:Ã¥ §Å"æ  °,Ã¥ ­ «Ã¨â€˜â€º,æžâ€"Ã¥ » ¶,æâ€"‡é ³ ³Ã¥â€žâ‚¬,æ Å½Ã¨â„¢ ¹) æ” ¶Ã¨â€" Ã¥ ® ¶Ã§ Å½(ç  ²Ã§ Å½Ã¨â‚¬â€¦:Ã¥ ¤ Ã¤ ¿Å Ã¥ ¨Å",Ã¥ ¾ Ã¦Å¡ Ã§â€¡â€¢,Ã¥ ¼ µÃ¦ º «Ã¥ ¸â„¢,Ã¥ ­ «Ã© ¼Å½Ã§Å½â€°,Ã¥ ¾ Ã¨â„¢ ¹) in 1998. Only female artists could participate in this category of art exhibition. Although the exhibitions revealed the importance of women art in modern Chinese art, there was no specific description to define the quality of female art and female artists. From this it can be asked: What is Chinese female art and is it a category in the making of the modern and contemporary Chinese art? Contemporary Chinese art frequently referred to as avant-garde art, sustained to expand ever since the 1980’s as an improvement of contemporary, post-Cultural art developments. During this period, China opened the economic door to world and western influence poured into Chinese culture; bringing the concept of feminism in China. Furthermore, Chinese artist were also released from the control of extreme political condition, and female artists were set about to re-create their own image, contributing to a gradual awakening of women’s consciousness. Indeed, it is in this newly awakened consciousness that Chinese female art in contemporary world can be delineated. In this paper, I would like to discuss how three generation groups of female artists (1980s, 1990s, and overseas) present their works and how they express their female quality through those art pieces. Finally, I also would like to bring out the concept and definition of quality of female art in contemporary Chine se art. The ’85 New Wave Art’ movement brought about many young female artists who devoted themselves to approach the woman’s nature of body and also found new ways to present the attention on the female subject. Female artists alongside male artists, expressed their own attitudes towards contemporary China. In the beginning stages of this period, women artist paid little attention to their own expression through maintaining with the large scale influence and borrowing from modern western art. However, the nature of contemporary art developed so that the concept of women’s artistic consciousness started to emerge. After 1989, neo-expressionism brought new stage in China. Artists, both male and female, started to focus on the essence of human spirit and also emphasized on rational and critical concepts. Women’s consciousness began to emerge and women began to explore their own experience and find an appropriate way of expression in contemporary Chinese art. Most female artists pursued to define the essence of women’s consciousness or confirm women’s consciousness itself. They promoted freedom from traditional male-dominated society and pursued women’s equal position with men. Many women art exhibitions were also held in this period, and female art and female artists began to be paid attention. Since the 1980s, not only local Chinese female artists came about to give rise to Chinese women’s art, but some overseas Chinese female artists also worked to this end. They created the works through different experiences and feelings in looking for the essence of women’s consciousness. These artists mostly left China after the Cultural Revolution, prior to the social changes in China. They have their unique ways to present their ideas and expressions, like looking back to Chinese history and pursuing the art essences that they need. With differences in personal backgrounds and generations, female artists in all these three groups have varying and unique ways in presenting their art through different content and influence. But to Chinese female artists, the intention is to express their female touch and feeling in a changing Chinese society in which the women’s gender role is constantly changing and reshaping. In their art, females in these three groups share not only expressions and feelings based on their female sensitivity but also their observations to social concern. In the following sections, I choose three contemporary Chinese female artists, Hung Liu, Yu Hong, and Cui Xiuwen, and define the quality of female art through their works. Traditional female role in China Most literature focuses on Chinese culture and history with key stresses on the function of language, geography, philosophies, and art. On the other hand, women are missing in almost all fields. Chinese civilization’s culture and arts are male-dominated and male-oriented. Chinese art, whether primordial or contemporary, is art that instigated in or is practiced in China mostly by Chinese male artists. The arts of a society mirror man’s values and attitudes. Women were always portrayed as objects of observation by men. Moreover, according to I-Jing, â€Å"women are more naturally aligned with the spiritual and emotional bodies, which are more non-linear and spatially oriented (all those yin qualities); while men are more naturally aligned with the mental and physical bodies, which are more linear and temporally oriented (all those yang qualities).†3 Malin, David. 2006. Creating Sacred Space. Bodymath.com. http://www.bodymath.com/articles/archives/Feb06_Creating_Sacred_Space.pdf (February, 2006) Yang is mostly considered more important than yin, and is regarded as of secondary importance. This makes gender roles have typical stereotypes with women always portrayed with weakness and sickness. Chinese women had been confined to the family, at the mercy of their husbands for thousands of years. History and tradition have stifled women’s voices. In China, women lived within a society dominated by men, where women were not authorized to involve themselves in the public field and consequently were not integrated in historical descriptions. For example, in the Forbidden City, women were not allowed to walk in some public spaces because those spaces were symbolized as the male’s power and authority. â€Å"No woman ever took part in the grand ceremonies staged before the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which were supreme demonstrations of male ruling power.†4 Wu, Hung. Beyond Stereotypes: The Twelve Beauties in Qing Court Art and the â€Å"Dream of the Red Chamber†. Writing Women in Late Imperial China, ed. Ellen Widmer& Kang-I Sun Chang, 315-316. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997. Undertakings by Chinese women highlight the custom of foot binding succeeded from late Song to Ming Dynasties and even sustained to several indications into the 20th century. Foot binding has an effect to a degree in all classes of Chinese women and at a certain point, persuaded women to have bound feet and to dwell in the private sphere of their homes. Having bound feet was directly correlated to Chinese art in modern times. Contemporary Chinese women role The year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and cultural policy, a shift that erupted out of the self-imported isolation of three decades and opened China up to the outside world. Western influence started to come into China and brought many new concepts to strike Chinese society. During the 1980s, the western feminism also began to influence and raised rapidly women’s consciousness. â€Å"By the mid-1980’s, though, the plethora of newly founded women’s magazines explicitly discussed women’s problems at work and in the family. The pages of China Women’s News were filled with exposà ©s and denunciations of discrimination faced by women. â€Å"Feminist outcries† began to appear with some regularity in print. This recognition of gender inequality also found expression in the emergence of separate women’s organizations–schools, professional societies, and women’s studies groups.†5 Hershatter, Gail& Honig, Emily. Feminist Voices. Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980’s. 308. Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press, 1988. Women became aware of their unequal state in society and began to pay attention on female issues. In 1990s, new modern women images emerged. Women focused on individual characteristic and pursued their confidence and profession. The new women were as strong and intellectual as men or better, and they could even afford more of what they desire without anymore having to depend on men and be at a lower statute in society. â€Å"Metropolis ran a special feature on women of talent in its November 1999 issue. One illustration show a confident woman pointing to the screen of her laptop computer while a male colleague with furrowed brow struggles to comprehend what he sees. An article entitled â€Å"Thirty Traits of the Talented Woman†6 â€Å"Thirty Traits of the Talented Woman† explains that the woman should be intelligent, sharp-witted, well-informed, knowledgeable, well-spoken, and has good taste; she is independent, self-respecting, and conscious of women’s equality; she if principled but gentle, with a good sense of humor, and easy to get along with. She is understanding, generous, and sensitive to the feelings to others, but not suspicious. She is a doer-straightforward, efficient, and self-controlled. She is a bit of a rebel but not confrontational. While she may be attractive to men, her attraction is based on personality, not beauty. Her life is well-balanced; love is never her only concern. Dadushi (Metropolis) 14 (November 1999): 102-103 lists her characteristics.†7 Julia F. Andrews and Kuiyi Shen. The New Chinese Woman and Lifestyle Magazines in the Late 1990s. Popular China: Unofficial Culture in a Globalizing Society. Ed. Perry Link, Richard P. Madsen, and Paul G. Pickowicz, 151. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002 New modern women were portrayed as beautiful and intellectual individuals. They could stand in the same level in society with men. Contemporary Chinese female artists and works Contemporary Chinese female artists use a lot of ways to express and convey their feelings and this is done effectively in their image. Basically, there are five important themes involved in their works to describe their voice and thought. First, female artists usually use their sensitivity to express women’s touch through body and gesture. Body and gesture presentations help artists to voice their opinions and feelings accompanied with their understanding of being women. Cui Xiuwen8 Cui Xiuwen, born in Heilongjiang, China, 1970. She graduated with MFA from the Central Academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China in 1996. Cui Xiuwen’s works have consistently engaged themes of sexuality and gender. Her paintings show the blurred boundary between public and private, and the relationship between history and memory. She uses a wide range of media and subject matters to explore the messages she wants to pass, bringing disturbing insights to bear on those issues. , her series works, â€Å"Lovers† (1999), she creates bold and sensitive relationship and intimate activity between man and woman. In the piece, she reveals both heterosexual and homosexual features, and presents a nervous sexual interaction that hints at Paul Cezanne’s colors. In â€Å"Lovers 5† (1999), strong and intense orange color background emphasizes the two human figures in the front when having sex, and also marks the nervous and excited atmosphere between them. While seeing this painting, the feeling is along with two figures through position, activity, and touch. This is primary human nature and human form however is heterosexual or homosexual. â€Å"†I create themes about gender, not themes about sexuality,† she explains. â€Å"I focus on human beings, only the human form in the world. If you want to know what it is to be human, you have to gain an insight into the relationship between man and woman.†Ã¢â‚¬ 9 Ma, Maggie. The Colors of Cui Xiuwen. Artzine: A Chinese Contemporary Art Portal. http://www.artzinechina.com/display_vol_aid168_en.html Yu Hong’s10 Yu Hong, born in Xi’an,China, 1966. 1995 earned MFA from the Central Academy of Fine arts, Beijing, China. Simple and realistic are the two best words to describe her works. Initially, Yu Hong’s paintings combine highly realistic portraits wit unreal surroundings and colorations, suggestion a sense of dislocation from the world. She presents her world and experience through works without any extraordinary images or ideas. Though paintings often represent a tranquil feeling, they depict the significance of life. Her early work, â€Å"Nude† (1988) was against masculinity appropriation of the spectacle of woman’s body in the Cultural Revolution. She portrays realistically, woman’s naked body, smooth and soft pose which present the touch and quality of female. Yu Hong reverses the traditional must-be female image. She depicts naked woman body in front only with red high heel shoes. â€Å"Chinese pictures of the human body, clothes or semi-clothed, (in a furtive pornography [of specifically erotic pictures]), are-to Western eyes-meager, schematic and inadequate†.11 Angela Zito & Tani E.Barlow.The Body Invisible in Chinese Art?. Body, Subject & Power in China. Chicago: The university of Chicago Press. There were no naked body images in traditional Chinese pictures, but here Yu Hong presented the naked woman body to represent the true nature and beauty of human form intended   against masculinity of the body and tradition. Another type of presentation, like Hung Liu’s12 Hung Liu, born in China on the eve of the Cultural Revolution, 1982 earned her MFA in mural painting from the Central Academy of Fine Art, Beijing, China, immigrated to the United States later on and also earned MFA in visual arts from University of California, San Diego. She is interested in looking at how women existed in Chinese history for long time. Her works are touched with the painful reality of women’s status on China. As a Chinese woman and immigrant in the United States, Hung Liu chooses different ways to identify herself through looking back the Chinese history and portraying female issue on art work. Her paintings are based on late 19th and early 20th century Chinese photographs. Some were taken by foreign tourists, while others were taken by the Chinese. Often, the pictures are of beautiful young prostitutes. In traditional Chinese society, prostitutes belong to the low social class and disdained by people. But, indeed, they play an important role during that period, especially for photograph art and portrait paintings. In her work, â€Å"Odalisque† (1992), she creates a monumental altar to an anonymous woman, a turn of the century Chinese prostitute. Hung Liu reclaims a place in history for the Chinese prostitute by transforming the small photograph into large scale painting. â€Å"To the painting, with their flattened surfaces, Liu attaches wooden altars, on which she sets small jade-colored vases of glass flowers or tiny embroidered shoes for bound feet. Like the lacquer panels and the lifeless glass flowers, the prostitutes are mere decorations, passive, powerless, and empty in a culture that traditional counted emptiness as a female virtue.†13 Kim, Elaine H.1996. â€Å"Bad Women†: Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3178131 The traditional Chinese clothing of the woman contrasts with the ornate, Western design of the sofa upon which she reclines and the flowered, Victorian-style backdrop. In addition, her gaze turns to the viewer and marks us conscious of viewer’s role as outside observers. The painting recalls the western artist, Edouard Manet’s painting, â€Å"Olympia† (1863). She touches a moment that registers the encounter between a past China and the trope of the prostitute, sexuality as commodity advertised through the relation of displayed body to the gaze of that Western technology, camera. â€Å"â€Å"I don’t want their stories to be forgotten; I don’t want them to disappear without a trace.† 14 Kim, Elaine H.1996. â€Å"Bad Women†: Asian American Visual Artists Hanh Thi Pham, Hung Liu, and Yong Soon Min. Feminist Studies, Inc. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3178131 As she says, she intends to document the anonymous women in history. Hung Liu’s painting combines western aesthetics with Chinese subject matter (prostitute), a cross-cultural blend that communicates her unique sense of beauty and emotion to the viewer through extraordinarily skillful handing of paint. Second, family and growing background are the significant influences to female artist when creating their works. Their works sometimes are revealed the images about family or childhood memory, and even extend to related personal expression and concern. Yu Hong, â€Å"Witness to Growth† (1966-2006), in which Yu Hong uses her own family photographs to create a self-portrait for each year of her life, and portraits for each year of her daughter’s life. The idea and composition of paintings dwell deeply in her concerned questions: What is the social expectation to female role in our society? How do these expectations build up the life of a woman? In this series of paintings, she not only narrates the story in how growing process, but also how society changes a woman’s life. Yu Hong discards an enthusiastic and rational thinking, but returns to the history by an imperturbable and objective manner instead. Yu Hong chooses a newspaper or magazine spread to complement each image of painting, and makes connection between private and public area of her own life. â€Å"Witness to Growth†(1995),a painting of herself aged twenty-nine years old, Yu Hong’s daughter lying on her body, family burden (role of mother) and society change (modern woman) bring heavy pressure and make her rethink the meaning of gender role and seek the balance between those roles. Next to the painting, artist places a contemporaneous China 1995 newspaper depicting â€Å"women waiting for job opportunity†. Chinese economy was flourishing rapidly during this period, and it also brought extremely competition in working position. Many women lost jobs, and many young girls lost opportunity of education. Society change quickly marked negative effect to female and deprived of their chance. At this time, western feminism came into China; women began to pursue their equality to men in society and also look for their female identity. This feminism trend aroused women to think about their roles between family and society as mothers and working women. In contrast, one year-old Yu Hong’s daughter, she seemed a new generation is growing. A new age is coming. The painting engages the juxtaposition of the weight of contemporary China’s history with the simplicity of life in its purest, most uncomplicated state of being. Here is a relatively quiet life lived in the midst of an almost constant political, cultural, and economic maelstrom. Yu Hong provides the necessary retreat into ordinary that enables the progression of life through the juxtaposition of the photograph and painting. Cultural Revolution was a significant historical event, especially rooted in people who grew up during this period. Hun Liu’s stunning reproductions of historical photographs of Chinese life, which address the cultural collisions she faced while coming of age during the decade of the Cultural Revolution in China. Personal items such as photographs were forbidden during Cultural Revolution, and her family destroyed most of their family photos out of fear. As a result, Hung Liu creates her paintings from anonymous photographs of historical China, particularly with reclaiming the lost histories of nameless women, has been strongly influenced by the losses she and her family suffered. Many of her paintings depict restrictive Chinese Cultural Revolution Scene and express her voice to against this history. Hung Liu’s painting, â€Å"Three Graces† (2001), the source photographs for this painting depict women in paramilitary uniforms in heroic poses, shown from below to give the appearance of greater height and stature. These fighters for Mao’s cause carry primitive rifles as they march forward to engage in the revolutionary struggle. During the Cultural Revolution, young students and young people were mobilized by Chinese government, called â€Å"red guards† or â€Å"Hong Wei Bing†. The Hong Wei Bing traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teaching of Mao. They aimed to attack the old society (old ideas, cultures, manners, and customs) with violence, but indeed they followed blindly by government’s propaganda. And the Cultural Revolution also put young intellectuals and artist like Hung Liu into the rice fields to be â€Å"re-educated† by peasants. Hung Liu chooses plain clothes worn by the women in the original photographs with flowers, painted in the traditional Chinese style. The drips of oil paint that enliven the painting’s surface are a part of Western praxis with its reference to the personifications of beauty, charm, and grace. As she says, â€Å"â€Å"The oil washes and drips hat seep through my paintings contributes to a sense of loss while dissolving the historical authenticity of the photographs I paint from. Color is a way of making contact with subjects that are fading into the gray tones of history.†Ã¢â‚¬ 15 Going Away, Coming Home: 80 Blessings from Oakland Artist hung Liu. Port Of Oakland. http://www.museumca.org/press/pdf/Liu%20fact%20sheet%20fnl.pdf Through this revolutionary background, Hung Liu had experienced a deep touch. This painting not only looks for the memory of girls’ but also expresses Hung Liu’s feeling of the Cultural Revolution through the image and drip. Third, artists look for identifying women’s importance and missing recognition of social status because women in society are always ignored and made to play an unimportant role. Indeed, they are actually as significant as men in our world. Hung Liu’s paintings often narrate identity and story issues. She documents in her art the forgotten lives of anonymous people, especially those of women. She tries to recall their erased identity from society and appear their stories and meaning of existence back. Her work, â€Å"We have Been Naught We Shall Be all†(2007), a series of three canvases edged by bands to mimic widescreen film format, those works are inspired by Daughters of China (1949), a Ling Zifeng film based on the heroic actions of a group of women officers and soldiers during the Sino-Japanese War. Hung Liu’s empathetic response to the final moments of the women, as they carry a wounded comrade into the river to draw away enemy fire from the Chinese Resistance fighters, brings to the fore the theme of personal sacrifice. The images of women are taken by realistic presentation, Hung Liu bases on original photographic image of film. She reserves women’s face without any color and intends to keep their original identify and recall their heroic dignity, accompanied by respect. The paintings from left to right, it seems catching the moment and movement when women carrying the wounded body toward the front. Hung Liu uses the yellow color on three canvases, the background of left painting is coloring yellow, yellow is on wounded body and women’s figures of central canvas, and only little yellow color on right canvas. Moreover, yellow symbolizes the sharp memory. Hung Liu arranges the yellow on three canvases perfectly along with women’s action and moment. This presents a balance between image and time. Her art work is concerned about what has been lost in transit between female and history. Hung Liu desires to give those nameless women place in history, and she would like to identify those women as significant heroes in our society. As Hung Liu’s concept, Yu Hong creates the â€Å"She† series to portray the spirit and lives of women. The meaning of â€Å"existence† in our world is then recorded. Different career women have also played different roles to show their importance. â€Å"She-security guard†, Yu Hong arranges one photographic image picked by security guard aside with one oil painting made by her. The photographic image is taken in front of the museum in her leisure time. Security guard wears white shirt with likely smile. In the photo, she raises her hand and poses â€Å"YA†. Contrary to the next, the painting shows her working place. She wears yellow ochrecolor uniform and concentrate on her job with highly respect. The light is the parking light seems leading us to take a glance on her working place and tries to understand her work. Artist organizes this placement purposely and intent to show the importance of security guard in society. Yu Hong depicts the portrait image to let audience snoop security guard’s life between working place and personal life. She is the individual with singularity; no one can replace her in this career position. Yu Hong still presents her realistic style on paintings, and she intends to record different modern female in different levels of life. As she says, â€Å"If life can move slower, people can notice and pay attention in every detail and experience. I wish life could be freed from the restraint, so the essence of real life could be discovered. †16 â€Å"我å ° ±Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ¸Å'æÅ"›ç”Ÿæ ´ »Ã§ ¯â‚¬Ã¥ ¥ Ã¦â€¦ ¢Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã© »Å¾, 這æ ¨ £Ã¤ º ºÃ¥â‚¬â€˜Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥ ¾Å¾Ã¥ ® ¹Ã¥Å" °Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦ ´ », æ… ¢Ã¦â€¦ ¢Ã¥Å" °Ã© «â€Ã¦Å"Æ'. 我æ ³ ¨Ã©â€¡ Ã§ ´ °Ã§ ¯â‚¬,我å ¾Ë†Ã¥ ¸Å'æÅ"›ç”Ÿæ ´ »Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¥ ¤  Ã¦â€š  Ã§â€ž ¶Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ºâ€º, 這æ ¨ £Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦ ´ »Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦Å" ¬Ã§Å"Ÿç‹€æ…‹æ‰ Ã¨Æ' ½Ã§Å"Ÿæ ­ £Ã¨ ¢ «Ã¤ º ºÃ¥â‚¬â€˜Ã§â„¢ ¼Ã¨ ¦ ºÃ¢â‚¬ . Enjoy the Life-Yu Hong. Febay.com. http://www.febay.com.cn/magazine/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=18433 (April, 2007) Yu Hong represents the reality of space on woman’s personal life and working life, elegant skills on portrait image, and female sensibility on woman’s experience. She also represents an inner desire of a female artist be responsible and conscious of women’s social status. Fourth, the present reality of sadness and pain of Chinese women who are suffering under a cruelly male-dominated world illustrate the image to challenge traditional patriarchy. In the works of Hung Liu, she has examined foot binding, practiced in China from the Song Dynasty until the beginning of the twentieth century. Many Chinese women’s feet were bound from birth to artificially confine their growth, distorting them into small, twisted fists that were sexually attractive to men. The painful, deforming practice of foot binding was used to make a Chinese woman walk in an extremely difficult way, but their mincing steps were considered delicate and lovely. Bound feet left women handicapped, which also ensured that they remained subservient. Moreover, it stressed the value of appearance while making a virtue of hiding one’s pain and suffering, making it a combination of esthetics and cruelty. In one piece of her work called â€Å"Bonsai† (1992), Hung Liu placed a photograph next to an anatomical line drawing showing the cross-section of a human body flanked on either side by Chinese characters. The only decipherable physiognomic attributes in this figural drawing are the heart, what appears to be a spine, and a suggestion of intestinal organs. What are most astonishing observations about this drawing are the absence of legs and the egg shape of the figure that almost mirrors the contour of the woman in the photograph. By placing these two images within the same interpretive context. Hung Liu has reinforced the notion of the woman’s incapacitated movement. Woman’s physical movement had been limited by the mutilation of her feet in the same way that a tiny bonsai tree is confined to restrict its growth. She had been bound by Chinese societal and cultural practices as an object of male gratification. Hung Liu shows the Chinese aesthetic tradition with cruel reality in male- dominated society. She also presents how unfair beauty standards were to women in the long period. As a Chinese woman, the piece would make a you think about your grand grandmother or grandmother suffering this pain in order to satisfy men’s taste and standard. Her art work is concerned about what has been severed from the surroundings. She touches the sadness and painful reality of women’s status in China. As a woman, she uses her sensibility to depict and voice for women’s gender role. From her paintings, not only narrate stories but also represent true reality in our society. The young artist Cui Xiuwen creates bold, sensitive caricatures of works as â€Å"Intersection Series† in 1998. In the piece, she records the full front side of a man’s naked body and dressed a young girl holding a rose. The painting is also done in connection with Cezanne’s colors and narrative story-telling and nervous relationship between female and male. Cui Xiuwen colors the girl’s dress and dog on green color. Green color symbolizes the protection from fears and anxieties connected with the demands of others (men). The rose is represented as girl’s pure virginity which is inviolate. Girl’s face also reveals innocence. On the contrary, man’ genitals are bit off by girl’s dog, blooding through his underwear. His extremely fearful and shocking face shows on his face with opened mouth and big eyes. In traditional Chinese society, patriarchy dominates the world and power. Genitals are the symbol of patriarchy. Cui Xiuwen boldly challenges to patriarchic society and tries to reverse the social position between female and male. In traditional Chinese art, art is confined to the men society. Women always played being viewed characters; men played viewer roles, but here, the artist breaks traditional art concept and reverses art presentation. The reversal shows Cui Xiuwen’s stance on the feminism. She makes up fictional story image to express her own challenging patriarchic desire. Intensive and extraordinary color and story throw a huge stone to the eyes of the audience. This also brings new dispute to contemporary Chinese society. Finally, concern about female and social issues, the year 1976 marked a shift in political, economic, and cultural policy, a shift that opened China up to the outside world. Afterward, society is changing rapidly. There are more and more social issues emerged such as teen-age crime and pregnant teen-age girl. Social value shifts to wrong path. Artists see this situation and use observations to bring the problem and question to audience. Yu Hong, she approaches new art presentation on â€Å"Figure and Ground†. The works portrays some young girls practicing gymnastics. Images seem simple, but paintings neatly summarized a sophisticated thread of thought the artist has been developing over the years, and they express that thought in a way that ties the works visually to certain aesthetic principles found in traditional Chinese painting. As a group, paintings represent a fresh vision and a new level in artist’s oeuvre. Each painting in the series depicts from one to three girls against a blank ground, bent into contorted positions as they practice gymnastics. Yu Hong bases the paintings on photographs she took at her daughter’s gymnastics class. The girls wear black leotards in addition to some combination of tight black pants, black and white striped shirt, and black slippers. â€Å"As the artist has said, the paintings â€Å"are all about girls doing artistic gymnastics. People, especially girls, have to change themselves to suit society.† The images are a simple but highly effective metaphor for the place of young girls in contemporary society.†17 Erickson, Britta. Figure and Ground: Yu Hong’s Gymnastics series. Yu Hong. Beijing, China: Loft. Although the students in Yu Hong’s daughter’s gymnastics class range in age from six to teenage, the age of the girls portrayed in Figure and Ground is narrowed to about nine to twelve. Those are the years when girls move from childhood to puberty and begin to come under the heavy pressure of society’s expectations. Teenage is a special period, and it is easy to lead a child to wrong path. Cui Xiuwen’s strength and certainty seems to have naturally transformed into a desire of the home, of having a family, and in a wish, difficult to admit but naturally inevitable, of maternity. This is what the images of her work, â€Å"Angel†, inspire. Artist approaches her own sensitive observation to current social issue related to young age girl. This work does not want to criticize a social and universal situation. It brings up the awareness and the realization of an individual as a singular feeling. Cui Xiuwen wants to express how a young mother, especially teen-age mother in China feels and what fears she has to face. She uses a young model to create strong emotions. Rows of white young girls, ghost like girls, and the same girl repeated over, and in the same state of pregnancy, but the figures are positioned at various scales, which express the different types of fear they have. Alone, staring at the horizon, scared and worried in a procession that goes from the Forbidden City and continues on what can be a highway such as the Beijing ring road o the expressway to the airport. This represents the time when society is changing, and girls are unable to go back to the prior time and have no choice but to go forwardt. They look at the front but only darkness is surrounding them. â€Å"â€Å"No longer wishing to see the outside world, reality, nor to be confronted by it or to have to deal with it†, is the artist’s explanation. Falling pregnant has distinctly different meanings and implications at different ages of woman. Both for the woman and it terms of how the external world judges the fact. Do they applaud or condemn. Cui Xiuwen asks â€Å"Can a woman choose to have a baby alone, single, because she bows to maternal instinct, and does not feel the need to be married?†Ã¢â‚¬ 18 Smith, Karen. Photo series â€Å"Angel† of 2006 and â€Å"One day in 2004†. Catalog of DF2 Gallery. Los Angeles:DF2 Gallery Cui Xiuwen brings the question to make the audience aware about the young pregnant girl’s problem rather than criticize her . She uses retrospective manner to represent the image on her works. Her works do not strike us, nor are they extraordinarily critical, but rather leave significant questions in our minds. Conclusion Yu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu though are being in different generation groups; they all aim to represent female qualities and voice for women through their works. Yu Hong was brought into the world at the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which almost every aspect of Chinese life was being re-evaluated. When re-examining the historical evidence and cultural production of the period, it becomes difficult to imagine life being brought into the world during such a period of upheaval. In many cultural products that are marketed as personal memories, the political economic situation is placed directly into the foreground of the narrative, and personal details become a way of contextualizing the nation’s story. Yu Hong’s method of storytelling makes the personal much more central. Her generation, is a group existing between old (artists were trained as Russian realists) and young (artists were influence by emancipation movement) generations. Yu Hong’s works always present old tradition concept (family as central start point) and new social concept which is related to social issues. Cui Xiuwen has been called many things-avant-garde, transgressive, feminist, controversial, and even over-the-top-buts never creatively stagnant. She is born a new kind of human, who grew up in a relatively open social environment and came of age in the increasingly more globalised information age. Her paintings and later photographs are always with frank depictions of human sexuality and controversial issues, which present her ideas and feelings about the new modern society. But Hung Liu, she was born in 1948 in China. During the Cultural Revolution, she was sent to the country to work in the fields and be â€Å"reeducated†. Hung Liu studied the acceptable artistic style of Socialist Realism while in China. After immigrating to San Diego, she learned that it is important for an artist to think and that art is intertwined with, not separate from life. Her works depict the cultural mixing that takes place when an individual moves to a new country and also reality of hidden history in China. She much focuses on historical sources to present the image of reality. Three generation group of artists have their own unique presentations through their works and also are influenced on their own social backgrounds. But, female are the most important image and concepts of their commonality of works. By focusing on a female rather than on a male, three artists challenge a tradition of patriarchy. In the art pieces, the narrator (three female artists) and the protagonists (female image in works) are all women. As such, they present the viewer with a distinctively female view of the world. In historical constructions, women’s lives were generally touched only indirectly in contrast to their fathers, husbands, or brothers. Yu Hong, Cui Xiuwen, and Hung Liu show the women’s lives being immediately influenced by the external world and also their â€Å"existence† and â€Å"importance† in our society. History, society, and family have been great influences upon the development of female art in China. Because of the oppression that Chinese women have faced from a patriarchal society, female art exhibit intense emotions of sadness, pain, and revolution against the male dominated Chinese social stratification. There are many paintings, and photographs that depict the detrimental state that Chinese women were in during the more rigid periods of Chinese history. Various works of art from photos to paintings show female opposition against various Chinese traditions that have oppressed their gender for generations. Many female artists who driven by extreme emotion focused on work that mirrored their sense of retribution against male dominance. Art work that feature females â€Å"turning the tables† on men are common among more liberal female artists. There is also a lot of work that defy traditional Chinese art that is also patriarchal. Such works make use of non-conventional materials and subjects as a way to challenge the male dominated norms. This shows an image of the Chinese female artist as someone who wants to break free from an oppressive condition through the use of personal expression. The qualities linked with the use of the expression in art for them taking account of use of words importantly as the innermost artistic element, simplification, appropriation, representation of user or popular culture as well as art itself. The artists believe that art makes people realize the truth-at least the truth that is given to all to understand, and brings back eliminated women state in Chinese tradition. Chinese female artists have become more motivated to do art not only because of talent, but they convey reality and truth through art. In currently modern world, the majority is focusing on economic flourishing, globalization, and new technology. Most people have forgotten the essence of life and the simple things that make us live along with the many troubles of humanity and theses contemporary Chinese female artists, through exploring modern art are still preserving the real essence of making art and what art means to them, and the female artists also discover their own experience and find an appropriate way of expression in Chinese art. In relation to this, the female artist thus gives superior importance to the role of women in Chinese society. Many daring works aim to recognize female contribution to the family, government, and society which goes largely undistinguished in past generations. Here the Chinese female artists aim to open viewers’ hearts and minds to the true worth of the Chinese woman. Works of art that show how important Chinese women are also tend to show how much they are taken for granted. The Chinese woman artist was also found to be sensitive with the changing times. As society evolved over years of political, economic, and social change, so did female artistry change with it. In fact, female art can be concluded to be much more versatile than Chinese male art which is considered more traditional and unyielding to time. Another difference duly noted between male and female works of art in China was that females tend to express more depth and daringness in terms of depicting sensual subjects. Years of yearning for equality with their male partners have also implied years of dissatisfaction with how males see copulation rituals. The outlet of this repression can be observed with how meaningful and rich Chinese female works of sensual art are. The female artist takes her time to craft the intricate details that add flavor to a romantic scene. The female artist is able to bring out the humanity of a sensitive scene and does not confine the subject to feral lust. Instead, the focus is upon the intimateness of interaction that is not meant to sexually arouse but rather to emotionally move viewers. Lastly, the image of the Chinese female artist is one that is deeply devoted to the value of family. Influences from childhood memories can be seen in the works of many female artists and is regarded as a sense of personal beauty added to general themes. Those are the themes that provide the overall picture in which female art is framed. Chinese female art can be compared to a strong, demanding voice that echoes the grievances of an oppressed gender and outwardly shows how important it is and why people should take notice. It is forceful and bold, more than willing to reject the norms in order to convey its meaning to an internal society that it deems as largely unsympathetic to their concerns. At the same time, female art is delicate and sweet, showing not intent to please but a true expression of beauty. Lastly, it can be concluded that female art is greatly influenced by changing times and each generation of female artists have their own issues to face which are reflected in the works that they produce. Despite female art showing the capability of female artists, it is also a representation of quality artistic work. These qualities contents highly essence of female touch and voice, and also produce with strong female expression through the artworks. Female art is not only made by female artist, on contrary, it is an art with enthusiastic female quality. These five categories of female quality present the sense of female beauty and expression, artists’’ sensitivity of women, and extraordinary and skillful handling of paint. Observe the female art movement in the western society and Chinese society, there is no gap between them. In the west or China, the essence of quality of female art has maintained the same content and concept. In recently decade, female consciousness emerges and brings new concept to women. Women begin to understand themselves more and express their feelings to others. With a modern course of awareness in Chinese contemporary art in the global market, Chinese female artist are expectant that they will reach their ultimate objective; Chinese female artist must have a say. They will continue to explore and find a new way to express their art and voice for women, and the quality of female art will also get more abundant themes.